WII.I.OW r.VMILY. ."1)7 



hcncntli, ami even dark preen above), and more papery hark than in White 

 ISirch, separating in ample sheets. 



* * * Trunk with greenish-brown bark, Itttrdly peeling in layers, reddish ttcitjs 

 lit lie aromatic, and oblomj downy short-stalked catkins : winys of fruit I inn id. 



B. nigra, RIVEI; or RED BIRCH. Middle-sized tree of low river-hanks, 

 commonest S. : leaves rhombic-ovate, whitish and mostly downy beneath. 



2. ALNUS, ALDER. (Ancient Latin name. ) Small trees or shrubs, with 

 narrow leaf-buds of very few scales and often stalked, and catkins mostly 

 clustered or racemcd on leafless branchlets or peduncles. 



1. Flowers with the leaves in sprim/, the sterile from catkins which were naked 

 over winter, while the fertile catkin was enclosed in a scaly Im/l. 



A. viridis, GREEN or MOUNTAIN ALDER. Only rather far N., and on 

 mountains: 3 -8 high; leaves round-oval or ovate, glutinous; fruit with 

 a broad thin wing. 



2. Flowers in earliest spring, much before the litres, loth sorts from calkins 

 which have remained naked over winter: wing of fruit rnirrou- and t/iickish. 



A. serrulata, SMOOTH A. Common, especially S. : 6 - 12 high, with 

 ohovate smooth or smoothish leaves green both sides and sharply serrate. 



A. incana, SPECKLED or HOARY'A. Common N. along streams: 8 -20 

 high ; with broadly oval or ovate leaves rounded at base, serrate and often 

 coarsely toothed, whitened and commonly downy beneath. 



109. SALICAC'E-SS, WILLOW FAMILY. 



Trees or shrubs, with bitter bark, soft light wood, alternate undi- 

 vided leaves, either persistent or deciduous stipules, and dioecious 

 flowers ; both kinds in catkins, one flower under each bract or scale, 

 the staminate of naked stamens only; the fertile of a 1-celled ovary 

 which becomes a 2-valved pod with 2 parietal or basal placentae, 

 bearing numerous seeds furnished with a tuft of long cottony down at 

 one end. 



1. SALIX. Scales of the catkins entire. Sterile flowers of few or rarely many 



stamens, accompanied by 1 or 2 little glands. Fertile flowers with a little 

 gland at the base of the ovary on the inner side: stigmas 2, short, each 

 sometimes 2-lobed. Shrubs or trees with lithe branches, mostly 1-scaled 

 buds, and narrow leaves. 



2. POPULUS. Scales of the catkins cut or cleft at the apex. Flowers on a cup- 



shaped oblique disk. Stamens usually numerous. Stigmas lung. Catkins 

 drooping; flowers preceding the leaves", these mostly broad. Buds scaly. 



1. SALIX, WILLOW, OSIER. (The classical Latin name.) The Wil- 

 lows, especially the numerous wild ones, are much too difficult for the be- 

 ginner to undertake. For their study the Manual must be used. The 

 following are the common ones planted from the Old World, with some of 

 the most tree-like wild ones. 



1. Stamens 2, but their filaments and often the anthers also united into one. 



S. purpurea, of Eu. : known hy the reddish or olive-colored twigs, lateral 

 catkins before the leaves and with dark scales, red anthers, and M-S.M!C downy 

 ovary. 



2. Stamens 2 and separate. 



* Flowers earlier than the leaves: ait kins stssile along the shoot of preceding year. 



S. Vimin&lis, BASKET W. or OSIER, of Eu., the twigs best for basket- 

 work ; has lance-linear entire slender-pointed leaves 3' -6' long and satiny-white 

 underneath. 



