SECTION 18.] SYSTEM. 183 



plunts are of higher grade than cryptogamous, and angiospermous or or- 

 dinary phanerogamous higher than the gymuospermous, yet there is no 

 culmination iu the vegetable kingdom, nor any highest or lowest order of 

 phanerogamous plants. 



554. The particular system most largely used at present in the classi- 

 fication of the orders is essentially the following : 



SERIES I. PH ANEROGAMIA : PHANEROGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS. 



CLASS I. D1COTYLEDONES ANGIOSPERMEJ1, called for shortness 

 in English, DICOTYLEDONS or DICOTYLS. Ovules in a closed ovary. 

 Embryo dicotyledonous. Stem with exogenous plan of growth. Leaves 

 reticulate-veined, 



Artificial Dirision I. POLYPETALE, with petals mostly present and 



distinct. Orders about 80 in number, Ranunculacete to Cornaceee. 

 Artificial Division II. GAMOPETAL^E, with gamopetalous corolla. 



Orders about 45, Caprifoliaceee to Plantaginacece. 

 Artificial Division III. APETALE or INCOMPLETE, with perianth, 

 when present, of calyx only. Orders about 35 in number, from 

 Kyctayinacece to Salicaceee. 



CLASS II. DICOTYLEDONES GYMNOSPERMEJG, in English GYM- 

 NOSPERMS. No ovary or pericarp, but ovules and seeds naked, and no 

 proper calyx nor corolla. Embryo dicotyledonous or polycotyledonous. 

 Stem with exogenous plan of growth. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. 

 Consists of order Giif.tacete, which strictly connects with Augiospermous 

 Dicotyls, of Coniferae, and of Cycadacetf. 



CLASS III. MONOCOTYLEDONES, in English MONOCOTYLEDONS or 

 MONOCOTYLS. Augiospermous. Embryo mouocotyledouous. Stem with 

 endogenous plan of growth. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. 



Dicision I. PETALOIDE J3. Perianth complete, having the equivalent 

 of both calyx and corolla, and all the inner series corolliue. About 

 18 orders. 



Division II. CALYCIN.E. Perianth complete (in two series) but not 

 corolline, mostly thickish or glumaceous. Chiefly two orders, 

 Juncacece, the true Rushes, and Palmce, Palms. 



Dicision III. SPADICIFLOR/E or NUDIFLOR.E. Perianth none, or rudi- 

 mentary and incomplete : inflorescence spadiceous. Of five orders, 

 Typhacete and Aroidea the principal. 



Dirision IV. GLUMACEE. Perianth none, or very rudimentary : 

 glumaceous bracts to the flowers. Orders mainly Cyperaceae and 

 Graminea. 



SERIES II. CRYPTOGAMIA : CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 

 CLASS I. PTERIDOPHYTA, PTERIDOPHYTES (484). 

 CLASS II. BRYOPHYTA, BRYOPHYTES (498). 

 CLASS III. THALLOPHYTA, TUALLOPIIYTES (503). 



