298 



INDEX 



Smithsonian Institution, Heptanchus, 

 88 (Fig. 93). 



Solenostoma, eggs and breeding habits, 

 1 86. 



South American lung-fish, v. Lepido- 

 s ire n. 



South American Siluroid, v. Callichthys. 



Spatularia, v. Polyodon. 



Specialized fishes, defined, 12. 



Spines, 23; v. Fin spines, Clasping 

 spines. 



Spiracle of shark, 18; comparison 

 tables of, 260. 



Spook-fish, v. Chimsera and Chimse- 

 roids. 



Spoon-bill sturgeon, v. Polyodon. 



Squaloraja, in classification, 8; affini- 

 ties of, 98 (Fig. 103) ; restoration of, 

 104, 105 (Fig. io6^4); mandibular 

 of, 106 (Fig. 108) ; frontal spine of, 

 107 (Fig. 115); dental evolution of, 

 112; skin defences of, 1 1 3. 



Sgualus, 89 (Fig. 94). 



Squatina, v. Rhina. 



Steindachner, F., 149, 150. 



Sticklebacks, v. Hemibranchiates. 



Sting-ray, shagreen of, 24 (Fig. 23) ; 

 dental plates of jaw, 24 (Fig. 29), 

 25; fin spine of, 28, 29 (Fig. 34). 



Stomach, v. Digestive tract. 



Strong, O. S., 112. 



Structure, characteristic, of fishes, 14. 



Sturgeon, v. Ac ipe nser ; spoon-bill 

 sturgeon, v. Polyodon and Psephu- 

 rus ; shovel-nose sturgeon, v. Sca- 

 phirhyncus ; a Liassic sturgeon, 

 v. Chondrosteus. 



Swim-bladder, hydrostatic, I, 21, 22 

 (Figs. 13-19); of Amia, 21, 22 

 (Fig. 14); of gar-pike, 21, 22 (Fig. 

 14) ; of Dipnoans, 21 ; of Polypterus 

 and Calamoichthys, 21,22. (Fig. 1 7) ; 

 of Necturus, 21; of sturgeon, 22 

 (Fig. 13) ; of Teleosts, 22 (Fig. 13) ; 

 of Erythrinus, 22 (Fig. 15); of 

 Ceratodns, 22 (Fig. 1 6); of Lepido- 

 siren. 22 (Fig. 18); of Protopterus, 

 22 (Fig. 18) ; of Dipnoans, 129; 



compared with reptiles, birds, and 

 mammals, 20 (Fig. 19); comparison 

 tables, 264, 265 (Figs. 13-19). 



Swimming: eel, shark, mackerel, 2. 



Symmetry of fishes, 4. 



Synechodus, dentition of, 86. 



Syngnathus, 166 (Fig. 171 A~) ; de- 

 scription of, 177, 178; S. acus, 178 

 (Fig. 185 ,-/); eggs and breeding 

 habits of, 186. 



Tail, v. Caudal fins. 



Teeth, general, 23, 24 (Figs. 27-30) ; 

 description and evolution of, 27, 28; 

 of Port Jackson shark, 24 (Fig. 27), 

 27, 86; of highly modified fishes, 

 28; of Myxinoicls, 57; of Cladodus, 

 80 (Fig. 86 ); of Acanthodopsis, 

 82 (Fig. 88 A}; of Pleuracanthus, 

 84 (Fig. 90 B) ; of fossil sharks, 86; 

 of Chimseroids, 113; resemblances 

 of lung-fishes to Elasmobranchs as 

 to teeth, 128. 



TELEOCEPHALI, included in Actinop- 

 terygians, 8, 148; description and 

 phylogeny of, 165, 166 (Fig. 171 .-/). 



TELEOST, antiquity of, 9, 147; gills of, 

 17 (Fig. 12), 19; operculum of, 19; 

 gill rakers of, 20; swim-bladder of, 

 22 (Fig. 13); swim-bladder of Ery- 

 tkrinus, 22 (Fig. 15); scales of, 24 

 (Fig. 31); caudal fin of, 36, 37 

 (Fig. 48) ; the term " Teleost " used 

 in the popular sense to denote the 

 modern " bony fish," 139; the perch 

 a convenient type, 139; general 

 anatomy of, 141-145 (Figs. 145, 

 146); skeleton of Perca flnviatilis, 

 142 (Fig. 146); relationship and 

 descent, 145-147; description and 

 phylogeny of, 165, 166 (Fig. 171 A); 

 modified conditions of, 167-171; 

 eggs and breeding habits, 181 (Figs. 

 196-199), 185, 186; fertilization of, 

 187 and note; development of egg, 

 207-212 (Figs. 269-283) ; larval 

 development, 223-225 (Figs. 303- 

 309) ; list of authors and their 



