LIVER OF REPTILES. 451 



brates, and firmer than in Fishes. It never contains so large a 

 proportion of oil as in plagiostomous and some other Fishes. 



A gall-bladder exists in all Reptiles. It lies in a notch on the 

 left side of the elongated liver in the Lepidosiren, Siren, Proteus, 

 and Amphiume, and in a notch at the hind end of the liver in 

 Menopoma, Triton, and Salamandra. In Anourous Batrachia the 

 gall-bladder is imbedded in the right lobe. In the Chameleon 

 the gall-bladder is at the hind border of the liver; in Draco 

 volans, fig. 292, m, it lies in the notch between the left and hinder 

 angle ; in the Cyclodus and Iguana in the notch between the two 

 hinder divisions of the liver. The gall-bladder is deeply im- 

 bedded in the substance of the right lobe of the liver in Testudo : 

 it adheres by about one third of its length to the right lobe in 

 Chelone : it has a similar attachment in Crocodilus, but is less 

 closely connected, and sometimes quite detached, in Alligator and 

 Gavialis. In true Ophidia the gall-bladder, fig. 300, p, is removed 

 beyond the liver to the side of the narrow canal connecting the 

 stomach with the intestine. In the snake-like Lizards (Anguis, 

 Amphisbcemi) the gall-bladder is in contact with the liver. 



In Lepidosiren, Siren, and Amphiuma, the hepatic ducts com- 

 municate with the cystic, or with the gall-bladder (Siren), and 

 the bile is conveyed directly by the cystic duct to the beginning 

 of the intestine. In the Iguana there is a distinct hepatic duct 

 which enters the duodenum about an inch from the pylorus, 

 a cyst-hepatic duct which enters the side of the gall-bladder, and 

 cystic ducts which leave the globose bladder abruptly. In Che- 

 Ionia the hepatic ducts unite with the cystic : but sometimes one 

 is continued directly to the intestine ( Testudo grceca). In Chelone 

 Midas a long hepatic duct from the left lobe unites with a shorter 

 one from the right lobe, and the trunk joins the cystic near its 

 entrance into the duodenum. The cystic is very short and wide, 

 and runs obliquely through the thick walls of the duodenum. 

 In the Crocodile the hepatic duct sends a branch to the gall- 

 bladder, and goes to terminate in the duodenum, distinct from the 

 cystic. This arises from the apex of the bladder, and is long and 

 straight. In Ophidia the hepatic duct is of great length, and 

 unites with the cystic in the substance of the pancreas, near 

 the termination of the common duct, In some species (Dispho- 

 lidus) it previously sends a branch directly to the gall-bladder. 

 The cystic duct in Python, single at its commencement, divides 

 into numerous branches, which penetrate the pancreas, and re- 

 unite with each other and the hepatic before terminating in the 

 duodenum. The advantage of this modification of the biliary 



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