THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY. 70 



of the back," but, as I have already decided above, it is 

 my intention to consider all those muscles which find 



tunities to examine into the literature of this subject have much 

 improved, and (in Bronn's Klassen des Thier-Reichs, vi. Band, 

 p. 258) I find a very excellent description of this muscle by 

 Professor Gadow, too long, I regret to say, to reproduce here. This 

 will not apply, however, to the synonymy which he there presents, 

 and which reads as follows : 



" 78. M. METAPATAGIALIS. 



Une portion du grand dorsal. Vicq d'Azyr, 1772, p. 632, No. 5. 

 Tensor membranes posterioris alee. Wiedemann, p. 85 ; Tiedemann, 



267. 



,, ,, ., Riidinger, p. 91. 



,, ., ,, ,, Selenka, No. 50. 



Spanner der hinteren Flughaut. Meckel. 

 M. plicce alaris posterioris. Schopss, p. 79, No. 1. 

 M. coraco brachialis brevis (pt.). Milne-Edwards, Ossem. fossil. 

 M. expansor secundariorum. Garrod, P.Z.S., 1876, pp. 193, 194, 



und 199. 



,, Forbes (Tubinares, p. 29). 



M. metapatagialis. Fiirbringer." 



-(June 14, 1889, R.W.S.) 



In October 1887, I published in The Journal of Comparative 

 Medicine and Surgery (New York) an essay in which was reviewed 

 the muscles used in the classification of Birds (see No. 124 of Bibl. 

 at end of the present volume), and there I made the following 

 comments, and said that " the expansor secundariorum (Fig. 35 bis, 

 Exp. Sec.}, although of insignificant size, is a muscle that has proved 

 of no little value as a classificatory one. Garrod spoke of it as the 

 Ciconine character, as it was so well developed in the Storks. It 

 occurs in quite a large number of groups of birds, as the Gallince; 

 the Ducks, Geese, and Swans ; the Rails, Plovers, and many others. 

 While ' in the majority of the Gallinaceous birds the expansor 

 secundariorum, with the normal origin from the secondary quills, 

 has a different method of insertion, which has led Mons. A. Milne 

 Edwards to describe the muscle in the Common Fowl as a part of 

 the coraco-brachialis (brevis) in his superb work on fossil birds ' 

 (Garrod). 



"Professor Sutton alludes to this muscle in the following interest- 



