200 THE MYOLOGY OF THE RAVEN. 



109. The gastrocnemius 1 muscle in the Raven is 

 quite a complicated one, more complicated even than we 

 find it to be in a man, or others of the higher types of 

 Mammalia. It develops three distinct heads, viz. an 

 external head, an internal head, and a tibial head. 



The external head arises rather far back upon the 

 external aspect of the outer condyle of the femur, by 

 a short, somewhat flattened, though a strong tendon. 

 This origin is below the origin of the long end of the 

 fibrous loops for the biceps, while the extremity of the 

 short end of this loop is attached to the tendon of 

 the external head of the gastrocnemius first, before it 

 passes into its carneous portion. In form this muscular 

 portion of the external division of the gastrocnemius is 

 a broad flattened spindle ; slightly concaved on its inner 

 surface, and rather more convexed on its outer aspect. 

 The lower apex of this portion of the muscle merges into 



" 49. M. GASTROCNEMIUS. 



M. primus posterior pedem et digitos movens. Aldrovandi. 

 M. Septimus circa tibiam et fibulam. Steno. 

 Les muscles jumeaux. Vicq d'Azyr, p. 283, No. 1. 

 Grosser Wadenmuskel. Merrem, p. 460, No. 3. 

 Gastrocnemius. Wiedemann, p. 101. 

 ,, Tiedemann, 304. 



,, Quennerstedt, p. 32. 



Neander, p. 20. 



De Man, p. 129, No. 17. 

 Gadow, No. 33. 

 ,, Watson, p. 116. 



Les gastrocnemiens. Cuvier, p. 539. 

 Wadenmuskel oder Fussstrecker. Meckel, System, p. 373, No. 3 ; 



Archiv, p. 273, No. 3. 



Gastrocnemius internus + externus. Owen, Apteryx, pp. 294, 295. 

 Gastrocnemien et soleaire tibial. Gervais et Alix, pp. 34, 35. 

 Gastrocnemien (jumeau externe et interne + soleaire tibial). A lix, 

 p. 451." (Gadow, loc. cit., p. 183.) 



