THE MUSCULATURE OF THE TRUNK. 311 



In the Raven, it arises, on either side, from a limited 

 area of the ilium just beyond and to the side of the an- 

 terior free caudal vertebra. The fibres converge, and end 

 in a tendon which becomes inserted into the tuberosity 

 on the anterior margin of the pygostyle. In passing the 

 neural spines of the other caudal vertebrae, however, it 

 throws off to each one a tendon which is inserted upon 

 their several apices, though somewhat hidden from 

 view by the muscle itself. 



It depends upon the muscularity and age of the 

 subject, as to how far forwards this muscle encroaches 

 upon the pelvis for its origin ; the older and more mus- 

 cular the subject, the more extensive the encroachment 

 and area of origin, as a rule. As already stated, this 

 muscle is continuous from back to tail in Reptiles 

 generally. 



150. The levator caudce is a long, oblong muscle, 

 considerably larger than the last, and lying immediately 

 to its outer side, and quite intimately connected with 

 it for its entire length by a firm fascia. 



It, too, arises from the hinder surface of the post- 

 acetabular area of the pelvis but not as far forwards 

 as the levator coccygis as well as from the superior 



des Schwanzes, seitlicli neben dem M. levator caudce. Er entspringt 

 fleischig von der dorso-medialen Flache des distalen Ilium, und von 

 der Dorsalflache der Querfortsatze der meisten Schwanzwirbel. Er 

 inserirt sich an der Dorsalflache der 4-5 aussersten Steuerfedern, 

 welche er spreizt und hebt. 



" Bei Picus viridis setzt er sicli nur an die beiden aussersten 

 Steuerfedern. 



" Der M. ilio-coccygeus und die Mm. pubi-coccygei gehoren eigent- 

 lich nicht zu den echten (spinalen) Schwanzmuskeln, da sie am 

 Beckeri inseriren und aus dem Plexus pudendus innervirt werden. 

 Sie bilden daher den Uebergang von den Muskeln des Stammes 

 zu denen der Extremitaten-Giirtel." 



