DECAPODA. 419 



species of our climate [known in the fish-shops under the name of the Spiny lobster] is found during the "inter 

 in deep water, approaching the coast only at the return of the spring. It prefers rocky situations. It then 

 its eggs, which are extremely numerous, minute, and bright red. According- to Kisso, they again breed in August. 

 The different species are found in the seas of temperate and intertropical zones. The carapax is rough, and 

 strongly armed with sharp points or teeth, especially in front. Their colours are varied with red, green, and 

 yellow. The tail is often banded, or marked with eyes. The flesh, especially of the females before and during the 

 breeding Beason, is greatly esteemed. 



The common English typical species, Palinurus quadrieornil, Fabr. (Antaeus elepktu, Leach), is of a large size; 

 and, when loaded with eggs, weighs twelve or fourteen pounds. It is found upon the French coasts as well as our 

 own. It is very abundant on the shores of the Mediterranean, and has also been found in the fossil state in Italy. 



The third section, Astacini (Latr.), is distinguished from the preceding in the form of the two fore- 

 legs, and often also in that of the two following pairs, which terminate in claws with two lingers. In 

 some, the two or four hind-legs are much smaller than the preceding, in which respect they approach 

 the Anomala; hut the fan-like swimmeret at the extremity of the tail, and other characters, remove 

 th. in from that section. The thorax is narrowed in front, which is produced into a beak or pointed 

 muzzle. 



The first subsection, Galathade.-e, have, as well as the preceding Macroura, four pairs of false legs. 

 The intermediate antennae are elbowed with two filaments, which are clearly shorter than their pe- 

 duncle ; and that of the lateral antennae is never furnished with a scaly plate. The two fore-legs are 

 alone terminated by a didactyle claw, which is often very broad and flattened. The terminal segment 

 of the tail is bilobed, at least in the majority. 



Those species which have the two hind legs much more slender than the preceding, filiform, folded, and useless 

 in crawling, are the two following genera. Galathea, Fabr., having the tail extended, the thorax nearly ovoid or 

 oblong, the intermediate antennae exposed, and the claws long. The upper surface of the body is generally trans- 

 versely wrinkled, spinose, and ciliated. 



Cancer gtrigosux, Linn., and C. rugosus, Pennant, are two common species on our English coasts. G. gregaria, 

 Fabr. (forming Leach's genua Grimotea), is of a red colour; and was discovered by Sir Joseph Banks in his voyage 

 round the world, abounding in some parts of the ocean in such vast quantities that the surface of the water ap- 

 peared as if saturated with blood. [Gray, in his Zoological Miecellany, and M. Edwards, .have described many 

 species of this genus.] 



Porcellana, Fabr., forms, amongst the Macroura, a remarkable exception in respect to the structure of the tail, 

 which is bent under the body, as in the Brachyura. It differs from Galathea in its broader outline, the carapax 

 being Often suborbicular, or square. The claws are triangular, the basal joints of the outer foot-jaws are dilated, 

 and the body is rery flat. They are of small size, slow iii their movements, and are distributed in all the Beas, 

 hiding themselves beneath stones on the shore. Some species have the claws very large, villose, and verj much 

 ciliated : amongst which is the common English species Cancer platjfchelet, Pennant, of which the outside of the 

 claws is alone hairy, aud the thorax naked and rounded. Others have the claws naked, including Cancer kexaput, 

 Linn. 



Monolepit, Say, seems to be intermediate between Porcellana and Megaloptu, Leach; (Macropa, Latr.) The 

 latter differs from the preceding in having the bind pair of lege similar in form and function to the preceding 

 pairs ; the body much more thick and raised ; the eyes large; the lateral plates of the anal swimmerel composed 

 of a single piece ; and the abdomen extended, narrow, and merely curved beneath at its extremity. Four species 

 are known : three found in the European seas, and the other in the Indian Ocean. l>r. J. V. Thompson, in bis 

 Memoir published in the PkUotopkical Transaction*, has expressed ins opinion that these animals are the young 

 of a BrachyuTous Crab. The abdomen is, however, furnished beneath with ■ double pair of false legs, as m the 

 Macroura ; and the tail is terminated bv ■ swimmeret. 'I be branchiae are arranged, however, as in the Brachyura. 

 M. Edwards considers them as the young of some of the Anomoura.] 



The second subsection (Astacini proper) comprises those species which have four pain of fake 

 iminal feel ; the intermediate antenna' straight, or nearly so, porrected, and terminated by two 



filaments as long as or longer than the peduncle, and which excepl iii Gebid) have the four or six fore- 

 lega terminated by a didactyle hand. The tail i- always extended. The two hind-legs never much 



slenderer than the preceding, nor bent backwards. The peduncle of the lateral antenna' is often pro- 

 vided with a scale. Some species, as in some of the following sections, live in fresh water. 



Amongst those winch have not more than the four fore-legs terminated by two fingers, the lateral antenna aot 

 furnished with a scale at the base, the outer piece of the lateral plate of the swimmeret without any transw 

 suture, and which are marine, biding themselves in burrows winch thej form in the -and, are the genera GeMa, 



l ' , ' nrl ' '' prising n small British species], and Thalauina, LUr. [a singular genus ft the Bast indies}) and 



in both of winch the Immoveable anger of the claws is raj short, whflsl it is as long ■■ the moveable finger in 

 the genera Callianai i ■ eh, m which the fore claws ,,,, r< rj unequal both In theii rise and form (includn 

 s.ngle spei lea, C. nbterranea, Leach, found on the English and French coasts); and Axiut, Leu b, in which the 



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