66 MAMMALIA. 



to the Galagos. Likewise, Galceopithecus, which Cuvier has placed after the Bats, but which is 

 Lenmrine in all the essential details of its conformation.*] 



THE THIRD ORDER OF MAMMALIANS,— 



CARNARIAf,— 



Consists of an immense and varied assemblage of unguiculated quadrupeds, which pos- 

 sess, in common with Man and the Quadrumana, the three sorts of teeth, but have no 

 opposable thumb to the fore -feet. + They all subsist on animal food, [some Bats ex- 

 cepted,] and the more exclusively so, as their grinders are more cutting. Such as 

 have them wholly or in part tuberculous, take more or less vegetable nourishment, and 

 those in which they are studded with conical points live principally upon insects. The 

 articulation of their lower jaw, directed crosswise, and clasping like a hinge, allows of 

 no lateral motion, but can only open and shut : [the latter, however, had already been 

 nearly lost in the Lemurs.] 



Their brain, though still tolerably convoluted, has no third lobe, and does not cover 

 the cerebellum, any more than in the following families ; the orbit is not separated 

 from the temporal fossa in the skeleton § ; the skull is narrowed, and the zygomatic 

 arches widened and raised, in order to give more strength and volume to the muscles 

 of the jaws. Their predominant sense is that of smell, and the pituitary membrane 

 is generally spread over numerous bony laminae. The fore-arm is still capable of re- 

 volving in nearly all of them, though with less facility than in the Quadrumana. The 

 intestines [save in the frugivorous Bats] are less voluminous, on account of the sub- 

 stantial nature of the aliment, and to avoid the putrefaction which flesh would undergo 

 in a more extended canal : [besides which, the requisite nutriment is more readily ex- 

 tracted from it.] 



As regards the rest, their forms and the details of their organization vary consider- 

 ably, and occasion analogous differences in their habits ||, insomuch that it is impossible 

 to arrange their genera in a single line ; and we are obliged to form them into several 

 families, which are variously connected by multiplied relations. 



* Here, at the end of the Quadrumana, may be appended some in- | character of wanting- a thumb, only, will not constitute a Colobus. 



formation, which unfortunately arrived too late for insertion under 

 the generic heads Cercopithecus and Colobus. 



It has just been ascertained, by Mr. Martin, that the Manoabeys 

 {Cercopithecus athiups and fuligittosus, Auct.) possess the additional 

 tubercle on the last molar, found in the Macaques, Doucs, &c. ; 

 whence the name Cercocebns may now be continued to thein ex- 

 clusively, as a definite subordinate group, more nearly related to the 

 true Monkeys than to the Macaques, notwithstanding the structural 

 character adverted to. Their hair, it may be remarked, is not grizzled 

 or annulated, as in both the Macaques and Monkeys. 



Of the genus Colobus, a perfect skin of C. leucamerot, Ogilby, has 

 been received in Paris, which securely establishes that species. The 

 face is encircled with white hair, very long on the sides ; and the tail 

 also is white, as in C. ursinus. 



Finally, a notice and figure have been just published of a species 

 designated Colobus verus, but which appears to me, both from its con- 

 tour and the description (which states its hair to be annulated), to be 

 a thumbless Cercopithecus, allied to C. Campbellii. The negative 



—Ed. 



f Written Carnassters by Cuvier. — Eo. 



t In one genus of Cheiroptera (Dysopes), the hinder thumbs of some 

 of the species incline to be opposable ; while the last trace of this 

 character in the anterior limbs, would seem to be the freedom of the 

 thumb in the Bats generally, their fingers being all connected by 

 membrane. — Ed. 



§ At least not generally : but it is commonly so in the Mangoustea 

 (Herpestes), and allied genus Cynictis ; also in the Felis planiceps : 

 it is nearly so in the frugivorous Cheiroptera, and, it would seem, in 

 Taphozous among the insectivorous Bats. — Ed. 



1| This is a favourite mode of expression of our author j but we 

 have reason rather to transpose the sequency, or, in other words, to 

 regard the habit as necessitating the particular modifications of struc- 

 ture. Thus, on cons'nieratiun, it will appear, that the productive 

 powers of nature ever exceeding the actual demand for such 

 multiplication, species upon species have been endowed with 

 the necessary organization to aid as successive checks upon 



