MALACOPTERYGII SUB-BRACIIIATI. 321 



Notn/ittrtis. C;ill-li<ls and clucks scaly; the suborbitals, pre-operculum, and operculum have two crests ; the lower 

 jaw is keeled, the belly toothed, and the palatals and jaws have fine teeth ; the upper jaw formed in great part of 

 the mamillaries. Their tongue is set with strong- crooked teeth ; they have one strong and bony gill-ray ; ventrals 

 hanlly visible, followed by a long anal, which occupies three-fourths of the length, and is united, as in Gymnot**, 

 with the fins of the tail and back; opposite the middle of the anal there is a small dorsal with soft rays. They 

 are found in the stagnant fresh waters of India, being the Gymnotus notoptertis of Pallas. 



Engraulix, the Anchovies, distinguished from the 

 Herring! by the mouth being more deeply cleft, the 

 gill-openings wider, and ten or twelve gill-rays. 

 The small intermaxillaries are fixed under a little 

 pointed snout, in advance of the mouth, and the 

 mamillaries are long and straight. E. enchraticho- 

 Fig. 1J.-J.— The Anchovy. ''<•«, the Common Anchovy, so well known for its 



rich and peculiar flavour, is about a span long, 

 bluish above, silvery below, the abdomen not trenchant, the anal short, and the dorsal over the ventrals. Taken 

 in vast numbers in the Mediterranean, and less abundantly in the ocean. E. mcletta is a -Mediterranean species. 

 E. edentulus, an American species, without teeth. 



Tkrysta, differs from the Anchovies in having the belly toothed, and the mamillaries very long. It is an East 

 Indian subgenus. 



Megalops. Fins and jaws generally formed like those of the Herring, but the belly not trenchant, nor the body 

 compressed; teeth in the jaws and palate very small and numerous; from twenty-one to twenty-four gill-rays ; 

 and the last ray of the dorsal, and often of the anal, extended in a filament. One American species, the Apalite, is 

 found twelve feet long, has fifteen rays in the dorsal, and a filament to that in the anal. An Indian 6pecies has 

 seventeen dorsal rays. 



Elops, resembles the former, but is rather longer, wants the dorsal filament, has more than twenty gill-rays, 

 and the caudal with a flat spine above and below. 



Buterinu*, has jaws like those of a Herring, a round and lengthened body, and prominent snout ; the mouth 

 shallow ; the jaws with small, crowded teeth ; and the tongue, vomer, and palate, have rounded ones, also closely 

 set. There are twelve or thirteen gill-rays. This and the former genus are beautiful fishes, of a silvery colour, 

 with many bones and coeca, and they grow to a large size. 



Chirocmtrut, has the upper jaw as in the Herring, with a row of stout conical teeth in both jaws, the two middle 

 ones in front very long; the tongue and gill-arches toothed like a card, but not the palatal or vomer; seven or 

 eight gill-rays, the latter ones very broad; a pointed scale above and beneath each pectoral ; body long, com- 

 pressed, and sharp, but not toothed on the belly ; ventrals very small, and shorter than the anal, which is opposite; 

 stomach and air-bladder long and slender. Only one known species, of the Indian Ocean, and silvery. 



Hyodon, baa the form of a Herring, but the belly not toothed, eight or nine gill-rays, and the teeth and the 

 month like those of a Trout. Found in the fresh waters of North America. 



Brythrinut. Upperjaw almost entirely formed of the maxillaries; conical teeth in the edges of each jaw; crowded 

 teeth in the palatals; five broad gill-rays ; head round, blunt, with hard bones, but no scales ; body oblong, com- 

 pressed, with scales like Car]) ; dorsal opposite the ventrals; stomach and air-bladder large; coeca small. Found 

 in the tropical rivers, and esteemed as food. 



Amia, have the head like the last, but twelve gill-rays, and a hard buckler on the under-Jaw; pavement-teeth 

 behind thi ines; nostrils tubular; stomach large; Intestine vide, and with no coeca; air-bladder cellular, 



like the lung of a Reptile. Found in the rivers of the southern states of America, feeds' 00 Crustacea, and is 



j eaten. 



Sudit, fresh- water fishes resembling Erythrinus, but having the dorsal and anal placed opposite each other, and 

 o. cupj ing the last third of the body. Thej inhabit the rivers of tropical count! 



Ott erglouum, differs from the last by having two cirri suspended from the lower jaw, and the tongue closely 

 toothed like a rasp. A large spec ilea Inhabits Brazil. 



LepUoiteut, have long teeth in the edges of the jaws, and their anterior surfaces rasp like ; the s. a'. - a- hard 

 "•-, the dorsal and anal opposite, and far back ; the intestine with two folds, and nam i ; air-bladder 



cellular. ( It' tropical America, grow large, and are good eating. 



Porypteru*. Sides of the upper ja^ i loveable; bead covered with sharpened bony plates; body with strong 



, one gill-ray; a number of separate fins on the back ; tie- teeth like a rasp, with long ones in front; the 

 stomach large; double air-bladder, with large ioi.es, the left one opening freely into the gullet. They are found 

 in the Afl V an rivers, ami are eatable. 



Tin; THIRD ORDER OF B0N1 FISHES,— 



m.\I..u'<)ITI.uy<;ii SUB.BRACH1 \TI,— 

 Have the ventrals under tin- pectorals, ami the pelvis suspended to the shoulder-bonea. 

 [Tliry arc thus better adapted for ascending and descending than tin- abdominal fishes. j 



