112 
LOEW AS A DIPTEROLOGIST 
figured the larva of Psyclioda as peripneustic. As these larvae are 
amphipneustic, they are, according to Haliday, more allied to those 
of the Tipulidae. And indeed, in Walker’s third volume (1856), 
the Psychodidae , which Haliday now calls Phlebotomidae (after 
Rondani), are placed next to the Tipulidae. But in the same 
manuscript passage Haliday ventures a still bolder assertion (“ si 
fas mihi audacter opinari"), that Psychodidae should be placed 
somewhere near the Culicidae, as the latter have (“ Dufouro 
docente ”) five Malpighian vessels, which agrees with what he had 
found himself in dissecting Pericoma and Psyclioda (“ quod tarn in 
Pericoma and Psyclioda valere comperi ”). 1 The discovery of this 
passage in Haliday’s letter of September, 1847, gave me great pleas¬ 
ure, because I had, independently of him, although many years 
later, expressed the same opinion about the relationship of Psyclioda 
with the Culicidae (in the Berl. Ent. Zeit ., 1892, p. 433, footnote; 
130, 1892). 
Considering his solution as regards the connection between 
Psychodidae and Cecidomyiidae as final, Loew (“ Dipterologische 
Beitriige,” Vol. IV, p. 17, 1850) passes to what he considers the 
more difficult question about the location of Sciara and Zygoneura 
(Joe. cit., p. 17, at bottom) : “ The Sciarae, especially the more 
delicate ones, closely resemble in their whole structure the gall¬ 
flies ; their venation shows hardly any difference from that of gall¬ 
flies with five-veined wings; the apparently different structure of 
their filiform, never verticillate antennae, loses much of its impor¬ 
tance when we consider that some gall-flies ( C. sarothamni , echii, 
ribesii Meig.) show a similar structure; the shape and mode of life 
of the larvae of Sciara are not very different from those of gall-flies 
(‘ nicht gar sehr verschieden ’) ; the spiracles in both are placed on 
the sides of the single segments, and some of them, like the majority 
of Cecidomyiae (e. g. Sc. pruinosa Bouchd), are able to spin,” etc. 
After this long expose of the analogies, as if in justification of his 
earlier opinion, Loew proceeds to explain the differential characters 
of Sciara , as they had since become plain to him (the elongate 
1 This statement about the Malpighian vessels Haliday reproduces in his admirable 
paper, “On the affinities of the Aphaniptera among insects” (Nat. Hist. Review, 
January, 185(5, p. 17, footnote). 
