210 
Arthropods as Hosts of Pathogenic Protozoa 
In face of a threatened epidemic one of the most essential measures 
is to educate the citizens and to gain their complete cooperation in 
the fight along modem lines. This may be done through the schools, 
the pulpit, places of amusement, newspapers and even bulletin 
boards. 
Emphasis should be placed on the necessity of both non-immunes 
and immunes using mosquito curtains, and in all possible ways 
avoiding exposure to the mosquitoes. 
Then the backbone of the fight must be the anti-mosquito meas¬ 
ures. In general, these involve screening and fumigating against 
adults, and control of water supply, oiling, and drainage against the 
larvae. The region involved must be districted and a thorough survey 
undertaken to locate breeding places, which must, if possible, 
be eradicated. If they are necessary for water supplies, such as 
casks, or cisterns, they should be carefully screened to prevent 
access of egg-laying adults. 
The practical results of anti-mosquito measures in the fight 
against yellow fever are well illustrated by the classic examples of 
the work in Havana, immediately following the discoveries of the 
Army Commission and by the stamping out of the New Orleans 
epidemic in 1905. 
The opportunities for an immediate practical application of the 
theories of the Army Commission in Havana were ideal. The city 
had always been a hotbed of yellow fever and was the principal 
source from which the disease was introduced year after year into 
our Southern States. It was under martial law and with a military 
governor who was himself a physician and thoroughly in sympathy 
with the views of the Commission, the rigid enforcement of the 
necessary regulations was possible. The story of the first campaign 
has been often told, but nowhere more clearly than in Dr. Reed’s 
own account, published in the Journal of Hygiene for 1902. 
Closer home was the demonstration of the efficacy of these 
measures in controlling the yellow fever outbreak in New Orleans 
in 1905. During the spring and early summer of the year the disease 
had, unperceived, gained a firm foothold in that city and when, in 
early July the local Board of Health took cognizance of its existence, 
it was estimated that there had been in the neighborhood of one 
hundred cases. 
Conditions were not as favorable as they had been under martial 
law in Havana for carrying on a rigid fight along anti-mosquito lines. 
