BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF WOODS HOLE AND VICINITY. 



719 



Littorina rudis Continued. 



Phalarope and Blue Wing stations: 20 (i shell), 

 22 (i shell), 44 (i shell), 45 (i shell), 48, 51 (sev- 

 eral living, perhaps not taken by dredge), 52 

 (i living and 2 shells), 60 (i shell), 94. 



This species is viviparous. Dr. M. T. Thomp- 

 son states that the eggs are carried throughout 

 the year. 



Littorina palliata Say. 



Gould, 1870, p. 309 (not listed for this region); 

 Verrill and Smith, 1870, pp. 652, 305, etc.; 

 Ball, 1889, p. 146. 



Abundant and of general distribution along the 

 shores throughout the region, though not re- 

 corded among the species dredged. This mol- 

 lusk is seldom found locally except upon the 

 common rockweeds (Fucus uesiculosus and 

 Ascophyllum nodosum), where it is sometimes 

 extremely abundant. It is very variable as to 

 color and form, and might readily be regarded 

 as belonging to a number of distinct species. 



According to the observations of Dr. Sumner, the 

 eggs are laid in small patches of clear, stiff jelly, 

 which are deposited upon the weeds. These 

 are abundant all through the summer, and are, 

 perhaps, to be found throughout the entire year, 

 having been taken as early as March 14 (1908) 

 and as late as November 30 (1907). A veliger 

 stage is passed through while in the capsule, 

 and the young which emerges from the latter 

 is practically adult except as to size. 



Littorina litorea (Linnaeus). European periwinkle. 



[Chart 180.] 



Gould, 1870, p. 308 (listed only from Halifax); 

 Verrill, iSSoa, p. 251; Ganong, 1886, p. 935; 

 1889; M. T. Thompson, 1899, p. 582. (It is 

 striking to note that this species is not even 

 mentioned by Verrill and Smith, 1873.) 

 Enormously abundant on shores, between tide 

 marks; commoner among rocks, but of almost 

 universal occurrence as a littoral species. The 

 shells are frequently dredged, even in the 

 deeper waters of Vineyard Sound and Buzzards 

 Bay, whither they have doubtless in most 

 cases been transported by hermit crabs. This 

 species, which seems to have been originally 

 European, "was first reported from Halifax in 

 1857 by Mr. John Willis, but Sir William Daw- 

 son states that he collected it in the southern 

 part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence earlier than 

 this, and Prof. E. S. Morse received it from 

 Bathurst in 1855. It was found near St. John 

 by Mr. G. F. Matthew in 1861 or 1862. It was 

 unknown on the coast of New England prior to 

 16269 Bull. 31, pt 2 13 12 



Littorina litorea Continued. 



1868, but has since spread southward very 

 rapidly, reaching Casco Bay about 1873, Cape 

 Cod in 1875, New Haven, Conn., in 1879."- 

 Ganong. "In 1872 it was very rare at Prov- 

 incetown, Mass., but in 1875 it was common 

 there. In 1875 ^ was collected by the writer 

 at Barnstable, Mass., on the shores of Cape Cod 

 Bay, in large quantities. In 1879 it had be- 

 come exceedingly abundant at Provincetown. 

 In 1875 our parties found two specimens only 

 on the southern shores of Cape Cod, at Woods 

 Hole, but in 1876 it was found to be common 

 there, and is now very abundant."- Verrill. 

 Fish Hawk stations: 7521 bis (i), 7525, 7525 bis 

 (i), 7526 (several shells), 7533 bis (i shell), 

 7534 (i shell), 7538 (i shell), 7541 bis (i shell), 

 7542 (few shells), 7543 (few shells), 7544 (few 

 shells), 7549 bis (i shell), 7550 bis (i shell), 

 7551 bis (i shell), 7553 bis (i shell), 7554 (sev- 

 eral shells), 7559 (i shell), 7560 (2 shells), 7579 

 (i shell), 7602 (2 shells), 7610 (i fragment), 

 7613 (several shells), 7614 (i shell), 7615 (few), 

 7616 (i shell), 7617 (several shells), 7619, 7621 

 (i shell), 7622 (i shell), 7625 (i), 7630 (few 

 shells), 7632 (few shells), 7633 (i), 7634 (few 

 living and shells), 7636 (several shells), 7638 

 (i shell), 7640 (2 shells), 7644 (few fragments), 

 7645 (few shells), 7648 (few), 7650 (i fragment 

 of shell), 7652 (i fragment), 7653 (i shell), 7656 

 (i shell), 7659 (few shells), 7661 (i shell), 7662 

 (i shell), 7663 (i shell), 7741 (i s"hell) 7761 (i 

 shell), 7762 (i shell), 7769 (i shell), 7770 (i 

 shell), 7774 (i shell), 7776 (i shell), 7779 (i 

 shell), 7781 (3 shells), 7782 (i shell). 

 Phalarope and Blue Wing stations: i (i frag- 

 ment), 2 (i shell), 3 (several shells), 5 (i shell), 

 6 (several shells), 7 (few shells), 13 (2 shells), 

 18 (2 shells), 22 (shells common), 28 (several), 

 29 (i), 30 (i large), 33 (several shells), 50 

 (shells), 53 (i shell), 61 (i), 68 (i shell), 71 

 (few shells), 72 (few shells), 78 (shells), 79 (few 

 shells), 80 (few shells), 81 (several), 82 (sev- 

 eral shells), 83 (i shell), 84 (few shells), 88 (i 

 shell), 89, 92 (shells), 93 (2), 94, 95, 97, 98, 103, 

 104, 109, no, 116, 117 (i shell), 118 (several 

 shells), 119 (few shells), 120 (living and shells), 

 122 (many shells), 123 (few shells), 124 (shells), 

 125 (several shells), 126 (few shells), 127 (few 

 shells), 128 (few shells), 129 (shells), 130 (few 

 shells), 132, 133 (shells), 135 (i shell), 136, 137 

 (few shells), 138 (i shell), 139 (i fragment), 140 

 (few shells), 141 (few shells), 142 (several), 145 

 (several shells), 149 (common), 150 (few shells), 

 153 (i shell), 154 (i shell), 158 (few shells), 160 



