6oo TRANSLOCATION 



the nitrogenous reserve-materials may be removed by the same means, 

 asparagin escaping from the cotyledons of Lttpinns, but mainly soluble 

 proteids from the endosperm of grasses and of Phoenix, although the 

 proteid decomposition which is especially marked during the germination 

 of the Leguminosae 1 probably occurs to a certain extent in all cases ' 2 . 



Translocation of tJie photosynthetic products. The paths which these 

 follow have already been mentioned in Sects. 55 and 106 3 . All trans- 

 location from the leaf soon ceases when its assimilatory activity is suspended 

 by darkness or by the alterations which occur during autumn. In the 

 latter case the disorganization of the chloroplastids and other plasmatic 

 organs may render available a certain amount of food-material 4 . although 

 as a general rule little or no phosphorus or nitrogen is removed from the 

 leaf before it falls. Similarly the fallen leaves may in some cases contain 

 a by no means inconsiderable amount of glucose, and usually starch is 

 present to the last in the guard-cells and occasionally in other cells also 5 . 



1 Large quantities of asparagin are formed during the germination of Mimosa pudica and Acacia 

 lophanta (Pfeffc-r, Monatsb. d. Berl. Akad., 1873, p. 788;, but only a slight amount in Tropaeoltiin 

 inajtis, &c. (Jahrb. f. wiss. Bot, 1872, Bd. VIII, p. 561). 



2 Details are given in the works already quoted, as well as in the following ones. Mainly micro- 

 chemical works are: Sachs, Sitzungsb. d. Wien. Akad., 1859, Bd. xxxvil, p. 57 (scarlet-runner); 

 Bot. Zeitung, 1859, p. 177 (oily seeds); ibid., 1862, p. 145 (grasses); ibid., 1862, p. 241 (date); 

 ibid., 1863, p. 57 (Alliitm cepd) ; Summary in Jahrb. f. wiss. Bot., 1863, Bd. in, p. 183; Hofmann, 

 Jahresb. d. Agr.-chem., 1865, p. 133 (wheat and clover); Roestel, ibid., 1868-69, p. 229 (rye ; 

 Pfeffer, I.e. (Leguminosae); Gressner, Bot. Zeitung, 1874, p. Soi (Cyclamen}; De Vries, Landw. 

 Jahib., 1877, Bd. vi, p. 466 (clover), and ibid., 1878, Bd. vn, p. 19 (potato); Jorissen, Les phe'n. 

 chim. d. 1. germ., 1885, and Bot. Centralbl., 1887, Bd. XXX, p. 5; Schmidt, Flora, 1891, p. 336; 

 Belzung, Ann. d. sci. nat, 1892, vii. se'r., T. xv, p. 203; Mesnard, ibid., 1893, T. xvm, p. ^70 ; 

 Leclerc clu Sablon, Rev. gen. d. Bot., 1895, T. vir, p. 162 ; 1897, T. ix, pp. 5, 313. The works of 

 Hanstein, Gruss, Reiss, &c., have already been mentioned. The following are the principal macro- 

 chemical researches: Hellriegel (rape), Journ. f. prakt. Chem., 1855, Bd. LXIV, p. 94; Oudemanns 

 u. Rauwcnhoff (peas and buckwheat), Linnaea, 1859-60, Bd. xxx, p. 224; v. Planta (maize), Ann. 

 d. Chem. u. Pharm., 1860, Bd. cxv, p. 332; Peters (cucumber), Versuchsst, 1861, Bd. HI, p. I ; 

 Heury (A'iii/nts, Euphorbia, rape, and almond), Ann. d. chim. et d. phys., 1865, iv. sen, T. IV, p. 47 ; 

 A. Beyer (Liipiints , Versuchsst., 1867, Bd. ix, p. 168; H. Karsten (bean), ibid., 1870, Bd. xm, 

 ]>. 176; Sachsse, Uber chem. Yorgange bei Kcimung v. risnin, 1872; Laskovsky cucumber), Ver- 

 suchsst., 1*74, Bd. XVIT, p. 239; Miintz in Boussingault's Agron.. &c., 1874, T. v, p. 50; Detmer, 

 I'hvsiol.-chem. Unters. uber Keimung olhaltiger Samen, 1875; E. Schulze, numerous works already 

 quoted from 1876 onwards (Sects. 79-81) ; Brown and Morris, Journ. Chem. Soc. 1892 (Ref. in Bot. 

 Zeitung, 1892, p. 462) ; Frankfurt, Versuchsst., 1893, Bd. XLIII, p. 142 ; Prianischnikow, ibid., 1894, 

 !'..!. xi. v. p. 253; Jessen-Hansen, Meddelelser fra Carlsberg Lab., 1896, Bd. v, p. 69; Merlis, 

 Versuchsst., 1897, Bd. XLYIII, p. 418; also the works of Jorissen, Schmidt, Leclerc du Sablon, 

 quoted above. Additional literature in Chaps, viii and ix. A few numerical examples are given in 

 Sects. 8 1 and 82. 



3 Cf. Sachs, Flora, 1862, pp. 316, 362; Schimper, Bot. Zeitung, 1885, p. 762; Haberlandt, 

 Physiol. Anat, 1896, 2. Aufl., p. 241. 



4 Sachs, Flora, 1863, P- 200; Zacharias, Bot. Zeitung, 1883, p. 214; Busch, Ber. d. Bot. Ges., 

 1889, Generalvers., p. 25; Rywosch, ibid., 1897, p. 195. Cf. Sect. 107; Passler, Chem. Centralbl., 

 1892, n, p. 654. 



"' A. Fischer, Jahrb. f. wiss. Bot.. 1891, Bd. xxn. p. 90 (glucose); Sachs, I.e.; Lidforss, Bot. 

 Centralbl., 1896, Bd. xxvin, p. 33. [G. F. Kohl (Uber Plasmaverbindungen d. Schliesszellen, &c., 

 Bot. Centralbl., 1877, Bd. LXXII, p. 257) states that starch disappears from the guard-cells of very 



