2 RESEARCHES ON FUNGI 



of basidia, but do not bear sterigmata and spores. They are 

 destined to remain sterile from the first. The early investigators of 

 the hymenium, Leveille, 1 Berkeley, 2 Corda, 3 and others, believed 

 that the majority of the cells associated with the basidia remain 

 sterile. In 1842, Montagne, 4 who held the same opinion, gave to 

 these sterile cells the name of paraphyses and described them as 

 " elongated, tubular, caeciform cells, placed parallel the one to the 

 other, like the pile of velvet." Later on, certain observers expressed 

 doubt whether true paraphyses exist. Thus, in 1862, Hoffmann 5 

 stated that in Coprinarius every hymenial cell becomes a fertile 

 basidium. De Seynes, in 1864, admitted that, in general, para- 

 physes in the Hymenomycetes are sterile cells analogous to the 

 paraphyses of the Discomycetes, 6 but in 1867 he expressed the view 

 that in Fistulina hepatica the hymenium consists of basidia only. 7 

 Levine 8 more recently has said : "It seems to me that in all cases 

 the paraphyses are really immature basidia." That paraphyses, 

 except in the genus Coprinus, are simply basidia destined to become 

 fertile, is a view also held by Ruhland 9 who described them as 

 " nothing more than young basidia which have not yet attained 

 full development," by Demelius 10 who has defined them as " derzeit 

 nicht fertile Basidien," and by Rene Maire u who calls them " basides 



1 J. H. Leveille, " Recherches sur rHymenium des Champignons," Ann. Sci. 

 Nat., 2 ser., T. VIII, 1837, pp. 321-338. 



2 M. J. Berkeley, " On the Fructification of the Pileate and Clavate 

 Tribes of Hymenomycetous Fungi," Ann. Nat. Hist., London, vol. i, 1838, 

 pp. 81-101. 



3 A. C. I. Corda, Icones Fungorum, T. Ill, 1839, etc. 



4 C. Montagne, " Organographic and Physiologic Sketch of the class Fungi," 

 Translated by Berkeley, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. ix, 1842, p. 288. 



5 H. Hoffmann, Icones analyticae Fungorum, Giessen, Heft II, 1862, p. 46. 



6 De Seynes, "Apercus sur quelques points de I'organisation des champignons 

 superieurs," Ann. Sci. Nat., 5 ser., T. I, 1864, pp. 243-244. 



7 De Seynes, " Recherches sur quelques points de 1' anatomic du genre Fistulina," 

 Compt. rend., T. LXIV, 1867, pp. 426-429. 



8 M. Levine, " Studies in the Cytology of the Hymenomycetes, especially the 

 Boleti," Bull. Torrey Bot. Chtb, vol. xl, 1913, p. 133. 



} W. Ruhland, " Zur Kenntnis der intracellularen Karyogamie bei den 

 Basidiomyceten," Bot. Zeit., Jahrg. LIX, 1901, Abt. 1, pp. 199-200. 



10 Frau Demelius, " Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Cystiden," Verh. der k. k. Zool.- 

 Bot. Gesells. in Wien, Bd. LX, 1911, p. 279. 



11 Rene Maire, " Recherches cytologiques et taxonomiques sur les Basidio- 

 mycetes," Bull. Soc. Myc. France, T. XVIII, 1902, p. 187. 



