The Position of Hepatics and Mosses 



.Lid 



Spore. -case 



Porella platyphylla. The 

 leaf and stipule show 

 the simple cell structure. 



Asexual generation. 



Asexual generation on the 

 sexual generation. 



Ulola crispa. 



A bit of the lichen 

 Cladonia ftircata, showing 

 an alga of one cell (Pro- 

 tococcus) 1 i ving with a fun- 

 gus consisting of chains 

 of cells. 



HEPATIC 



A germinating 

 spore produces an 

 insignificant proto- 

 nema. 



Protonema pro- 

 duces ordinarily, an 

 hepatic plant (ga- 

 metophyte). 



Gamelopliyte bears 

 antheridia and arche- 

 gonia. 



LEAFY-MOSS 



A germinating 

 spore produces a 

 well-defined proto- 

 nema. 



Protonema pro- 

 duces a moss plant 

 (gametophyte) . 



Gameiopliyte bears 

 antheridia and arche- 

 gonia. 



FERN 



A germinating 

 spore produces a 

 plate of cells {pro- 

 thallium). 



Prothallinm bears 

 antheridia and arche- 

 gonia. Therefore, 

 prothallium is game- 

 tophyte. 



All ferns develop from spores, the spores germinate to form 

 generally a flat plate of cells (prothallium) large enough to be 

 seen well with the naked eye. The prothallia are heart-shaped 



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