Mosses and Lichens 



Habit of flowering. Male flowers (antheridia) and female 

 flowers (archegonia) on separate plants (dioicous). 



Antheridia. Spherical, short-stalked, single in the axils of 

 two-lobed, pouch-shaped leaves which lie opposite on the stem. 

 These antheridial leaves are united by their margins to the under 

 leaves, and with them form short oval branchlets on the sides of 

 the main branches. 



Archegonia. --Numerous, terminal on very short lateral 

 branches. 



Genus FRULLANIA, Raddi 



The plants are usually in shades of red or brown or even 

 black, although sometimes green. They grow in delicate tra- 

 ceries over the bark of trees or rocks. 



F. ecklonii, A lobule 

 separated from its lobe. 

 A tiny styluses present 

 at the point where the 

 lobule is attached to 

 the main stem. 



F. ecklonii. Under view of a 

 portion of the stem ; with eight 

 inflated lobules, each on its 

 lobe, the amphigastra have 

 been removed. 



F.complanata. Under 

 view of stem showing 3 

 cup-like lobules each 

 lying on its lobe: two 

 notched amphigastra 

 are on the stem. 



The stems are opaque and branched, each branch arising from 

 the axil of a stem-leaf from which it is always free. 



The upper leaves are alternate and are inserted somewhat 

 obliquely. They are two-lobed, one lobe folded to lie over the 

 other. The upper and larger is known as the lobe and the lower 

 and smaller as the lobule. 



The lobule, is an inflated water-sac, in shape resembling a 

 helmet or hood or cylinder and often has at the base a tiny pro- 

 cess (stylus). 



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