Liverworts or Hepatics 



The under leaves or stipules (amphtgastra) are strongly two- 

 cleft and have often tufts of rootlets at their bases. 



The male flowers (antheridia) are found on short branches 

 either on the same plant with the female flowers (archegonia) or 

 on separate plants. 



The envelope of the flower (perianth} is free and exserted 

 from the leaves. It is 3- to 4-angled and tipped with a short 

 tubular beak (mucronate) . The veil (calypira) is free and included 



Cross-section The involucre opened 



of perianth. out. 



Perianth with beak. Amphigastra with 



F. ecklonii. rootlets. 



in the perianth. The spore-case is somewhat spherical on a 

 stout pedicel 2 to 3 times longer than the perianth. It opens by 

 four valves to eject its spores. There are about 1 50 species in all, 

 which are well represented in both temperate and tropical zones; 

 about twenty are found in North America. 



The generic name Frullania was given in honour of Signor 

 Leonardo Frullani, an Italian minister of state. 



Frullania Eboracensis, Gottsche. See Colour Plate XIV. 



Transverse Upper view of 



section of the stem with two 



perianth. leaves. 



F, eboracencis, 



This dainty hepatic, is usually found in some shade of green 

 or red, forming delicate traceries on the bark of trees. It is par- 

 ticularly beautiful on the smooth bark of the yellow birches in 

 the North woods. 



The leaves lap as shingles (imbricate). The lobule is hood- 

 like (galeate), bluntly terminating at the base. The perianth is 

 somewhat compressed with a short, broad beak. 



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