Mosses and Lichens 



because their vegetative body is a "thallus," that is to say, is 

 not divided into stem and leaf, like that of higher plants, but 

 grows in water or over a substratum in the form of single cells, 



(b) Protonema branching from (/) a primary 



filament of protonema. 



(&) A bud from which a new plant will grow. 

 (w) A Rhizoid. 



Funaria hygrometrica. 



Germinating spore 

 (5) Spore wall. 

 (w) Rhizoid. 



(v) Vacuole in protonema 

 cell. 



chains of cells, or ribbon-like patterns of varying designs. The 

 Bryophytes or moss-plants agree in many of their stages of 

 development with the Thallophytes. Many of the liverworts 

 (Hepattc&),one division of the Bryophytes, have never developed 



Under side showing stipules. Sl e 



Stipule. 



Ptilidium ciliare. A leafy-hepatic. The magnified stipule shows 

 the simple cell-structure. 



further in form than the ribbon-stage or thallus, while others 

 show transitional stages from this ribbon-like form to a leafy 

 stem such as all leafy-mosses possess. 



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