Ill 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



PREFACE . . 

 GLOSSARY. . 

 LITERATURE 



vn 



ix 



xi 



PART I. 

 THE HISTORY, GENERAL MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF LICHENS. 



CHAPTER I. 



THE HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY. 



INTRODUCTION l 



I. PERIOD: From Theophrastus (371-286 B. C.) to Tournefort (1694) 



II. PERIOD: From Tournefort ( 1694) to Micheli (1729) . . . 6 



III. PERIOD: From Micheli (1729) to Weber ( 1779) .... 7 



IV. PERIOD: From Weber ( 1779) to Wallroth and Meyer (1825) . . n 

 V. PERIOD: From Wallroth and Meyer (1825) to Schwendener ( 1868) . . . 17 



VI. PERIOD: From Schwendener ( 1868) to Reinke (1894) ... . . 24 



VII. PERIOD: From Reinke ( 1894) to the close of 1896 28 



CHAPTER II. 

 SYMBIOSIS. 



INTRODUCTION 31 3- Antagonistic Symbiosis of 



I. ANTAGONISTIC SYMBIOSIS (Para- Lichens with Mosses .... 34 



sitism) 3 1 H. NUTRICISM 35 



1. Antagonistic Symbiosis of III. MUTUALISTIC SYMBIOSIS.. ... 36 

 Fungi with Lichens ... 32 i. Mutualism 36 



2. Antagonistic Symbiosis of 2. Individualism 37 



Lichens with Lichens (Syn- 3. Contingent Mutualism ... 39 



trophy) -33 . '" 



CHAPTER III. 

 THE GENERAL MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF LICHENS. 



INTRODUCTION 40 7. The Cilia 61 



I. ORGANS OF ASSIMILATION 40 II. REPRODUCTIVE AND PROPAGA- 



1. TheThallus. . . . . 40 TIVE ORGANS. . . 62 



(a) Tegmentary Layer (Dermis). t . The Apothecia 62 



(6) The Upper Cortical Layer. (a) T he Epithecium. 



(c) The Algal Layer (Gonidial Layer). ^^ The Thecium. 



(d) The Medullary Layer. (c) The Hypotheciiim. 



(e) The Lower Cortical Layer. < d) The Upper Algal Layer. 



2. Tj'pes of Thalli 47 (e) The Medullary Layer. 



(a) The Crustaceous Type. (f) The Lower Algal Layer. 



(b) The Foliose Type. (g) The Cortical Layer. 



(c) The Fruticose Type. ,. Types of Apothecia 66 



3. Breathing Pores 52 (a) The Fungal Type. 



4. The Cyphellae .... 52 (b) The Thalline Type. 



5. The Cephalodia 55 3- The Soredia . 



(a) Ectotrophic Cephalodia. 4. The Thecial Algae ( Hymenial 

 (*) Endotrophic Cephalodia. Gonidia) 68 



6. The Rhizoids. . ... 59 



