THE ANATOMY OF WOODY PLANTS 



Sieve tubes and vessels, comparison of, 

 123 



Sigillaria, primary wood of, 171, 259 



Sigillarians, 259 



Siphonostele, 163; collateral, 165; con- 

 centric, 163; in Filicales, 278; lacunae 

 of, 164, 278; reduction of, 165 



Smilax, root of, 12, 138; stem of, 192 



Solanum, origin of herbaceous type in, 



190 

 Solidago, resemblance of stem of certain 



species to that of the oak, 405 



Sphenophyllaceae, 251, 264 

 Sphenophyttum insigne, 265 



Sporangia, 142; in Abietineae, 219; in 

 angiosperms, 220; in Coniferales, 219; 

 in Cycadales, 216; in Ginkgo, 217; in 

 Gnetales, 219; in Polypodium, 216; in 

 Selagindla, 216 



Sporangia and trichomes, 130 



Staining methods, 457 



Stangeria, reproductive axis of, 299 



Starch: in phloem of Pinus, in; in 

 phloem of Tilia, 118 



Stem: definition of, 140; development 

 of, in Pteris, 281; herbaceous, 186, 387; 

 organization of, in Casuarina, 82, in 

 Cupressus, 80, in dicotyledons, 81, in 

 monocotyledons, 192, in Selaginella, 

 254; primary tissues in, 169; second- 

 ary tissues in, 169; structure of, in 

 Cyathaceae, 282, in Marattiaceae, 282, 

 in Pteris, 281. 



Stephanospermum, 315 



Stigmaria, 262 



Stomata, 129 



Strops, types of, 454 



Substitute fibers, 35 



Tangential pitting in relation to climatic 



evolution, 424, 425 

 Taraxacum, laticiferous system of, 435 



Taxineae, 344; parenchyma in, 346; re- 

 productive structures of, 345; resin 

 canals in, 346; tracheids of, 345 



Taxodineae, 339, marginal tracheids of, 

 341; wood parenchyma of, 342 



Taxoxylon, structure of, 349 

 Teak, septate fibers of, 35 

 Terminal parenchyma, relation of, to 

 climatic evolution, 426 



Tissue systems, 8, 10, 12, 13 



Tissues, 9; epidermal, 10; fibrovascular, 

 10; fundamental, 10 



Torus, 6, 68; position of, in heartwood, 56 

 Trabeculae, 68, 250 



Tracheids, 25, 27, 29, 31; marginal, in 

 Coniferales, 69, 73, 341; reticulated, 

 17; ringed, 17; scalariform, 17; 

 spiral, 17; spring, 24, 26; summer, 24, 

 26; tylosis of, 106; types of, 25, 26, 31 



Tragopogon, oil canals in root of, 441 

 Tree nails, 34 

 Trias, woods of, 421 



Tsuga: parenchyma of, 46; resin canals 

 in, 346 



Tubiflorae, oil canals of, 434 



Tyloses: in fibers of Liqiiidambar, 106; in 

 resin canals of Coniferales, 56; in 

 vessels of dicotyledons, 57 



U 



Urlica, organization of the stem in, 397 



Vacuole, i 



Vasicentric parenchyma, 51 



Velamen, 160 



Vessels: absence of, in certain angio- 

 sperms, 373, and sieve tubes, 123; in 

 Ephedra, 94; in Gnetiim, 95; in Pteris, 

 92; in Welu'itschia, 95; lateral walls of, 

 103; scalariform, 103; terminal walls 

 of, 93, 95; tylosis of, 104; types of, 

 94, 95, 100, 101; with pitted perfora- 

 tion, 94; with porous perforation, 96, 

 99; with scalariform perforation, 96 



Vine type, origin of, 184, 390, 396, 397 



Vitis, organization of stem in, 185, 391; 

 thick and thin annual stem of, 397 



Vollzia, 355 



W 



Welwitschia, 366; leaf of, 368; stem of, 

 366; vessels of, 366 



Wood: cryptogamic, 222; holders for, 

 455; primary, 16, 18, 20, 22, 167; 

 tangential pits of, 425 



Wood parenchyma: origin of, in 

 Abietineae, 41, 43; in Araucariineae, 

 320, 322; in Podocarpineae, 344; in 

 Taxineae, 346; in Taxodineae, 339, 342 



Woody dicotyledons, 379- 



Woody tissues, softening of, 447 



X 



Xylem: endarch, 21, 167; exarch, 19, 

 167; mesarch, 20, 167 



