Notes on Brazilian Entomology. 



When a female of Dafitonoura Lycimnia (and various other butterflies, 

 Callidryas, Anartia, &c., behave in the same manner) is willing to admit a male, 

 she expands her wings horizontally, lifts a little the end of the abdomen and ex- 

 poses her copulating organs. Then the male is seen to hover above and to fly 

 around her; but often, far from accepting the offer of the female, which, after a 

 long courtship, finally surrenders herself to his wishes, he suddenly flies away 

 without returning. What may be the cause of his thus abandoning her at the 

 decisive moment? The only thing which he could not perceive, whilst chasing 

 after the female, is that part of her sexual organs which is now for the first time 

 exhibited to him. Now, these copulating parts of the female, when protruded, 

 emit a peculiar odour, and it is probably the individual odour of the several fe- 

 males which determined the decision of the male. In Daptononra Lycimnia this 

 odour is rather faint, though quite distinct. It is very different from that emitted 

 by the wings of the male. 



The male of Daptonoura llaire is also provided with "plumules" on the upper 

 side of the wings, but no odour was here perceived. At the same time he has 

 a tuft or pencil of brown hairs at the end of the abdomen, on the ventral side. 

 This tuft is not retractile, but applied to the ventral margin of, and partially 

 hidden between, the anal valves; it may be made to radiate in every direction 

 and then emits a rather strong odour. This tuft of hairs exists in the female 

 also, but it is much shorter, and I could not perceive any odour produced by it. 



The males of most species of Callidryas have a chalky spot on the upper 

 side of the hind wings, near the base and the anterior margin ; sometimes it is 

 covered by a mane of long hairs, and sometimes the front wings also have a 

 similiar spot opposite to that of the hind wings. I perceived a musk-like odour 

 issuing from this spot and mane in Callidryas Cipris, C. Argante, and C. Trite. 

 It is unusually strong in Cipris, very distinct in Argante, rather faint in Trite. 

 In several males of this last species which I caught two years ago I could not 

 perceive any odour, while I find it to be quite distinct in all those wich I have 

 lately examined. Are those butterflies producing a more powerful perfume in 

 1878 than they did in 1876, or have my olfactory organs, by continual exercise, 

 become more acute in the meantime? According to Boisduval, the chalky spot 

 is wanting in the male Callidryas Eubule, and, indeed, it may easily be over- 

 looked through hardly differing in colour from the rest of the wing ; but it exists, 

 and is easily discovered by its opacity after denuding the wing. It emits a faint 

 musklike odour. 



The females of Callidryas Argante, Eiibnle, and probably also of other species, 

 show on either side of the protruded copulating organs a small, shining, circular 

 spot, from which a very strong peculiar odour issues, in which some volatile acid 

 seems to predominate. 



Subfamily 2. Papilioninae. 



When special organs for emitting odours are developed in the males of this 

 subfamily, they are placed along the anal margin of the hind wings, which is 

 then usually recurved. It can be expanded/ and the odoriferous organs exposed 

 by moving the wings strongly in a forwad direction. In some species a very 

 strong odour is emitted by the upper side of the wings of the male without any 



