CHAPTER I. 



PHYLUM TUNICATA* (UROCHORDA). 



Fixed or pelagic, solitary or colonial animals enclosed in a 

 tunic or test, ivhich is largely composed of a substance allied to 

 cellulose. They have an atrial cavity and a large pharynx 

 with perforated walls. The larva is tadpole-shaped and possesses 

 a hollow dorsal central nervous system, and a notochord in the 

 caudal region. 



* Savigny, Memoir es sur les animaux sans vertebres, 2, Paris, 1816. Milne- 

 Edwards, Obs. sur les Ascidies composees des cotes de la Manche, Mem. 

 Ac. Sc. Paris, 18, 1842. Huxley, On the anatomy and physiology of Salpa 

 and Pijrosoma, Phil. Trans. 1851. Id. Anat. and devel. of Pyrosoma, Trans. 

 Lin. Soc. 23, 1860. Krohn, Die Entwick. v. Phallusia mamillata, Mutters 

 Arch. 1852. Macdonald, On Chondrostachys, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 

 (3), 1, p. 401, 1858, and On Diplosoma, Linn. Trans. 22, 1859. A. Han- 

 cock, Anat. and Phys. Tunicata, Journ. Lin. Soc., 9, 1867. Kowalevsky, 

 Entwick. d. einfachen Ascidien, Mem. Acad. Sc. St. Petersbourg (7), 10, 

 1866, and Arch. /. Mik. Anat., 7, 1871. Id. Beitrage z. Bildung des Mantels 

 d. Ascidien, Mem. Acad. Sc. St. Petersb. (7), 38, 1892. Giard, Rech. s. les 

 Ascidies composees, Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen. i. p. 501, 1872 ; Cont. al'histoire 

 nat: des Synascidies, ibid., 2, p. 481. Lacaze-Duthiers, Les Ascidies 

 simples des cotes de France, Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen. 3, 1874, p. 119, and 6, 

 1877, p. 457. L.-Duthiers et Delage, Et. anat. et zool. sur les Cynthidies, 

 Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen. 1, 1889, p. 519. Id., Etudes sur les Ascidies des 

 cotes de France (Cynthiidae), Mem. Acad. Inst. France. Roule, Rech. s. 

 les Ascidies simple des cotes de Provence, Ann. du Mus. Hist. Nat. Mar- 

 seille, 2, 1884, and Ann. d. Sci. Nat. (6), 20, 1886 ; id., Revision des especes 

 de Phallusiadees des cotes de Provence, Eec. Zool. Suisse, 3, 1887. Julin 

 Rech. s. 1'organisme des Ascidies simples, Arch. Biol. 2, 1881. v. Drasche, 

 Die Synascidien der Bucht von Rovigno, Wien., 1883. Herdman, Report 

 upon the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S Challenger, 

 Chall. Reports, Pt. 1, Asc. simplices, 1882, Pt. 2, Asc. compositae, 1886, 

 Pt. 3, Salpiformes, Thaliacea and Larvacea, 1888 ; id., A revised classifi- 

 cation of the Tunicata, Journ. Lin. Soc. 23, 1891. ' van Beneden and Julin, 

 Rech. s. la morphologie des Tuniciers, Arch. Biol. 6 and 7, 1886. Lahille, 

 Recherches sur les Tuniciers des cotes de France, Toulouse, 1890. Caullery, 

 Cont. a 1'etude des Ascidies composees, Bull. Sc. France et Belg., 1895. 

 Willey, Studies on the Protochordata, Q.J.M.S., 34 and 35, 1893. Id., On 

 the protostigmata of Molgula manhattensis, Q.J.M.S., 44, 1900, p. 141. 

 Seeliger, Tunicata, in Bronris Thierreich, 1893 and onwards. Delage et 

 Herouard, Traite des Zoologie Concrete, 8, Paris, 1898. Korschelt and 

 Heider, Text-Book of Embryology, English Translation, Pt. 4, London, 1900. 

 Selys Lonchamps et Damas, Le devel-post-embryonnaire et 1'anatomie de 

 Molgula, Arch. Biol. 17, 1904, p. 385. Damas, Contribution a 1'etude des 

 Tuniciers, Arch. Biologic, 20, 1904, p. 745. 



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