712 CLASS IV. INSECTA. 



sub-family is found only in tropical America. The wings have very 

 few scales in Hymenitis and Ithomia, though those of Tithorea 

 and others have many. 



Sub-fam. 3. Satyrinae. Compressed palps with long, stout hairs. 

 Cells of wings closed and one or more nervures of front-wings swollen. 

 The larva is smooth or with few hairs, stout in the middle and bifurcated 

 at the posterior end. A large group of usually small, grey and brown 

 butterflies with feeble flight, found all over the world. The pupae 

 are often suspended without a girdle, but sometimes lie loose on the 

 ground or enclosed in a thin cocoon, that of the Grayling Hipparchia 

 semele is sometimes found in the ground. Erebia, Coenonympha, Melan- 

 argia, Pararge, Satyrus, Epinephele are British genera. Haetera, 

 . Ciihaerias, Pierella. 



Sub-fam. 4. Morphinae. No cell on the hind-wing. Larvae 

 smooth or spiny with the posterior end of the body forked. This 

 sub-family is confined to the tropics of Asia and America, and is well 

 known by the brilliant blue butterflies of the genus Morpho with some 

 fifty species from the forests of South America. The caterpillars of 

 some species are gregarious. 



Sub-fam. 5. Brassolinae. Large forms with the cell in both pairs 

 of wings closed and sometimes a second closed cell in the hind-wing. 

 On the under surface are often large eye-spots. Larvae not very 

 spiny, stout in the middle with a bifurcated tail. A small South 

 American family with the curious habit for a butterfly of resting 

 during the day. Caligo. 



Sub-fam. 6. Acraeinae. Cells closed, anal (inner margin or sub- 

 median) nervure unforked. Palps plump and hairy. Larvae with 

 long branching hairs. Moderate sized, not striking butterflies, largely 

 African, but with Oriental and South American species. 



Sub-fam. 7. Heliconiinae. Bright butterflies with narrow wings. Anal 

 (sub-median or inner margin) nervure not forked. Cell of hind-wing 

 closed. Palps compressed, scaly at sides hairy in front. The male 

 lias a long unjointed tarsus, the female a 4-segmented one in the 

 front-legs. Larva with branched spines. Tropical American with 

 two genera Heliconius and Eueides. The pupae are unusually spiny. 



Sub-fam. 8. Nymphalinae. Cells imperfectly closed or com- 

 pletely open. Front tarsus of the male with but one segment, not 

 spiny, of the female 4- or 5-segmented. Larvae spiny, or when smooth 

 with bifurcated tail and a horned or spiny head. A large sub-family 

 of 150 genera of world-wide distribution : it is in fact the predominant 

 group. Eighteen species are British. Ageronia ; Pyrameis ; Araschnia, 

 which produces each summer two generations markedly unlike one 

 another ; Kallima the dead-leaf butterfly. Argynnis, Melitaea, 

 Apatura, Vanessa and Limenitis are British. 



Fam. 2. Erycinidae.* Front-legs of male reduced, tarsi unsegmented 

 and without claws ; those of female small but perfect. A family charac- 

 teristic of tropical America, with one European and British genus Nemeobius. 

 Usually small forms, very varied in size and shape. They are divided 

 into two sub-families. 



Sub-fam. 1. Erycininae. Palps moderate in size. This sub- 

 family includes all the genera but one. 



* 



* The Lemoniidae of some authorities 



