ABIDA. 307 



eolumellar. Upper and lower palatal and basal plicae emerge, 

 the upper to the margin, the others to the inner edge of the 

 peristome; their inner ends are well in advance of a mid- 

 dorsal position, and a short suprapalatal plica stands above 

 them. Peristome expanded, whitish, the ends joined by a thin 

 parietal callous. 



Length 8, diam. 3 mm. ; 9!/4 whorls. 



Length 6.4, diam. 2.7 mm. ; 8 l / 2 whorls, 



England, in the Channel and Thames counties; France, 

 Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and northern Italy. 



Pupa secale DRAPARNAUD, Tabl., 1801, p. 59; Hist. Moll. 

 France, 1805, p. 64, pi. 3, f. 49, 50. KUESTER, Syst. Conch. 

 Cab., p. 44, pi. 6, f. 3-5; Ber. Nat. Ges. Bamberg, x, 1875, p. 

 57. PFEIFPER, Monogr., ii, p. 341 ; iii, 546 ; iv, 672 ; vi, 313 ; 

 viii, 382 (see for older references). -- FORBES and HANLEY, 

 Brit. Moll, iv, p. 101, pi. 129, f. 5. MOQUIN-TANDON, Moll. 

 Fr., p. 366, pi. 26, f. 26-29. LINDSTROM, Gotl. nut. moll., p. 

 47, pi. 1, f. 12 (jaw). BGT., Malacologie Aix-les-Bains, p. 48. 

 WESTERLUND, Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 110. CAZIOT, Ann. Soc. 

 Linn. Lyon for 1908, p. 169 (synonymy, distribution, etc.). 

 Chondrus secale CUVIER, Regne Anim., ii, p. 408. Abida 

 secale LEACH, in TURTON, Manual, 1831, p. 101. Torquilla 

 secale Dr., BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Naturkuude, xlii, 

 1889, p. 248 (distribution). Turbo juniperi MONTAGU, Tes- 

 tacea Brittanica, pt. 2, 1803, p. 340, pi. 12, f. 12 (Easton Grey 

 and Devizes, Wilts.) . Pupa juniperi of some authors. Turbo 

 cylindricus HARTMANN, Alpina, ii, p. 212 (teste Pfr.). Pupa 

 "secalina Drapernaud" LOCARD, Bull. Soc. d'Agric. Lyon, 

 1896, p. 194, fig. 426-7. 



This common species varies rather widely in shape, size, 

 sculpture and teeth, even in the same locality. In many places 

 specimens are found having a low lamella close to the eolu- 

 mellar insertion (figs. 1, 13), usually occurring with indi- 

 viduals without that structure (fig. 14). A small denticle is 

 often developed at the base of the columella (fig. 15). These 

 and other variations have led to the description of numerous 

 "varieties" and "species" which are noticed below, though 

 many of them appear to me quite superfluous. 



