X PUPILLID.E. 



Family PUPILLID^E Turton. 



Pupttlada TURTON, Manual of the Land and Fresh-water 

 Shells of the British Islands, 1831, p. 97. 



Pupida of most authors. 



A synopsis of the general classification of Pupillidce with 

 keys to genera will be deferred until the last volume treating 

 of the family, when the details shall have been worked out. 

 A provisional list of the subfamilies here given may serve for 

 reference temporarily. A few of the leading genera are men- 

 tioned as examples. 



GASTROCOPTIISLE : Gastrocopta, Hypselostoma, Abida. 



PUPILLHSLE : Pupilla, Pupoides. 



PAGODININ^E : Pagodina, Aspasita. 



ACANTHINULIN^E : Acanthinula. 



VERTIGININJE : Vertigo, Nesopupa, Trancatettina. 



ORCULIN/E : Qrcula, Lauria. 



STROBILOPSINVE : Strobilops. 



The family has been given rather wide limits, and it may be 

 that part or all of the subfamilies will eventually be elevated 

 to families; yet our knowledge of the soft anatomy of the 

 group is merely fragmentary, and it seems best in a system- 

 atic work not to go too far ahead of the evidence. At present 

 it is more important to demonstrate the affinities existing be- 

 tween the genera and other groups. 



At least four of the subfamilies contain Helicoid forms. In 

 three of them they are associated with lengthened or cylindric 

 genera, but the Strobilopsincc contains only conic and Helicoid 

 species. Except Hypselostoma, these Helicoid genera have 

 usually been placed with the Helicidae. 



Subfamily GASTROCOPTIN^ Pilsbry. 



Pupillidae with the lower tentacles developed, though gen- 

 erally short, the shell without lamellae or plicae in the neanic 

 stage; typically having angular, parietal and columellar la- 

 mellae and two or more palatal plicae. 



