PUPOIDES. 121 



costulate. Whorls 6, convex, the last scarcely one-third of 

 the length. Aperture oval, vertical, the peristome expanded, 

 reflected, margins joined by a callus. Length 4V4, diam. 2 

 mm. (Phil.). 



Peru : Mt. St. Bartolome near Lima (Philippi) ; Lima (Paz). 



Pupa limetisis PHIL., Malak. Blatter, xiv, 1867, p. 75. 

 PFEIFFER, Monogr. Hel. Viv., vi, 299. 



Philippi 's type was bleached. Fresh shells are avellaneous 

 (brownish-corneous), dull, with thread-like, widely-spaced 

 riblets. The peristome is narrow, expanded, whitish, not 

 thickened. There is no angular tubercle or callus. Though 

 subcylindric, it tapers more than P. hordaceus. 



Length 4.65, diam. 1.75 mm. ; 5% whorls. 



Length 4.14, diam. 1.72 mm. ; 5% whorls. 



Length 4.4, diam. 1.7 mm. ; 5^/2 whorls. 



This shell seems to be abundant at Lima. It requires re- 

 newed comparison with typical paredesii of the high sierra; 

 by reason of its very different zonal relation, it may be racially 

 distinct. 



II. SPECIES OP THE ORIENTAL AND ETHIOPIAN REGIONS. 



These forms differ from the North American by having the 

 tuberculiform angular lamella separated from the lip-inser- 

 tion, though contiguous to it. Rarely it is wanting. 



Some 27 supposed species have been named ; possibly a 

 third of these are really distinguishable as species or races ; 

 but the materials for a revision are not contained in any one 

 museum. Most of them were described without comparisons 

 with already known species, and the characters depended 

 upon for specific distinction chiefly size and degree of elon- 

 gation are highly variable in the American P. marginatus. 

 I doubt their racial value in the cocnopictus group. 



No less than seven supposed species have been described or 

 reported from Aden, probably all from the debris along occa- 

 sional torrents. In Arizona I have noticed great variety in 

 the size and shape of P. marginatus found under similar con- 

 ditions, doubtless due to the mingling of shells out of different 

 colonies. Under the circumstances I can do little more than 

 give the published descriptions, grouped geographically. 



