PUPILLA, AFRICA. 209 



ternally and usually more or less furrowed over the lower 

 palatal fold. There is a crest behind the lip, either rather 

 strong and rounded, followed by a moderately wide, shallow 

 contraction, or narrower and crowded close to the lip, or some- 

 times hardly noticeable. The crest and palatal impression 

 vary a good deal in the same lot. 



In Abyssinia what has been considered the typical form of 

 fontana was found by Jickeli and others (pi. 16, fig. 15, after 

 Jickeli). Jickeli gives the measurements: 



Length 3.25, cliam. 1.75, aperture 1 mm. 



Length 2.4 to 2.5, diam. 1.5 mm. 



Length 2.25, diam. 1.37 mm. 



Length 2, diam. 1.5 mm. 



The last two measurements pertain to the mutation globu- 

 losa Jickeli (pi. 16, fig. 16), a short, stout form of 5% whorls, 

 found with the typical form, analogous to the short forms of 

 South Africa, also in those occurring in most lots of Pupilla 

 everywhere. 



Bourguignat, who had specimens collected by Raffray on 

 the col of Abuna-Yusef, 4024 meters, separated the Abyssin- 

 ian form as Pupilla raffrayi. He calls attention to the deep, 

 more open umbilical perforation, the more pronounced projec- 

 tion at the upper third of the lip-callus, the anteperistomial 

 crest, etc., differences which lose their value when a large 

 series of the South African species is at hand. The short 

 Abyssinian form, globulosa Jick., was taken by Raffray at 

 Mont Zebul, 1994 meters, and on the high plateaus of Hama- 

 cen and Anderta. Bourguignat considered it a distinct species. 



Both raffrayi and globulosa have been reported from Monte 

 Cherseber, Eritrea, coll. by Gen. di Boccard (Pollouera, Boll. 

 Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, xiii, no. 313, p. 5). 



In a species which has been named so many times by the 

 same authors, it has seemed well to discuss and illustrate the 

 local forms somewhat more fully than would otherwise be 

 thought necessary. 



It will be seen that most lots vary a good deal in length, 

 much less in diameter. Whether the short forms are muta- 

 tions or merelv individual differences due to food or other 



