CHONDRINA. 5 



COTTER, CornmuuicaQoes da Direcgao dos Services Geologicos 

 de Portugal, iv, 1900-1901, p. 144, plate, f. A, 24, 25, n. n. for 

 lusitanica Tour. Lower Miocene ( ?) near Lisbon, Portugal. 



Nomenclature. 



The species now referred to Cho-ndrina have been known 

 almost universally as Pupa or Torquilla. Both of these generic 

 names were originally used for other groups of animals, and 

 hence must be dropped in this connection. Chondrina was not 

 discriminated from Abida until 1868, and in fact up to the 

 present time few authors make the distinction, so that the 

 notes on nomenclature given under Abida (Vol. XXIV, p. 

 267) are to be consulted in connection with the following: 



The genus Chondrus Cuvier, 1817, comprised species of 

 three modern genera, arranged in two divisions, as follows : 



L Bulimus zebra Oliv. 2. Pupa fruiuentum Drap. 



Pupa tridens Drap. Bulimus similis Brug. 



Pupa variabilis Drap. Pupa polyodon Drap. 



2. Bulimus avenaceus Brug. Pupa quadridens Drap. 



Pupa secale Drap. 



In 1821 Gray mentioned Pupa cinerea as an example of the 

 genus, and Hartmann, in the same year, used Chondrus for 

 species now referred to Abida, Chondrina, etc.; but no type 

 was expressly named until Gray, in 1847, selected Bulimus 

 zebra. Chondrus, however, was not valid, having been used 

 previously by Lamouroux for another group. 



Pfeiffer says of Chondrus Hartmann, 1821, "genus restric- 

 tum ex typo P. frumenti," but this is not the case. In his 

 article, System der Erd- und Flussschnecken der Schweiz, mit 

 vergleichen der Aufzahlung aller auch in den benachbarten 

 Landeru, Deutschland, Frankreich und Italien sich vorfind- 

 enden Arten (in Neue Alpina, Bd. i, pp. 218-220) Hartmann 

 used Chondrus in somewhat wider than Cuvierian limits, in- 

 cluding species of the modern genera Cho-ndrina, Abida, Chon- 

 drula, Vertigo, Pupilla, TruncateUina and Lauria. 



Recognizing the preoccupation of Chondrus, Reichenbach, 

 1828, proposed to substitute Chondrina, without mentioning 

 any species. He considered it a subgenus or section of Helix 



