44 



SPONGES 



at both ends as a tylote (fig. 13 b) ; the tylote if pointed at one end 

 is a tylotoxea (fig. 13 d) ; the strongyle similarly becomes a stronyyl- 

 oxea. These last two forms are with difficulty distinguished from 

 the stylus, which is usually pointed at the end, and strongylate (fig. 

 13/) or tylotate (fig. 13 e) about the origin. A particular case of 

 the cladose rhabdus, but one of the most frequent occurrence, is 

 the trixnc ; in this form one ray of a rhabdus ends in three branches, 

 which diverge at equal angles from each other. The rhabdus then 

 becomes known as the shaft or rhabdomc, and the secondary rays 

 are the amis or cladi, collectively the head or cladomc of the spicule. 

 The arms make different angles with the shaft : when recurved a 

 grapnel or anatrissne is produced (fig. 13 k), when projecting forwards 

 a protrixne (fig. 13 I), and when extended at right angles an ortho- 

 tri&ne (fig. 13 in). The arms of a triiene may bifurcate (dichotriirnc) 

 once (fig. 13 n), twice, or oftener, or they may trifurcate. Again, 

 they may extend laterally into undulating lamellae, or unite to form 

 a disk, the tri;ene character of which is indicated by the included 

 axial fibre. The shaft may also become trifid at both ends, amjihi- 

 trixnc (fig. 13 p), and the resulting rays all bifurcate, or the elndome 

 may arise from the centre of the rhabdome, centrotriaine (fig. 13 o). 

 Amongst one group of Lithistid sponges (Mhabdocrcpida) the normal 

 growth of a strongyle is arrested at an early stage ; it then serves 

 as a nucleus upon which further silica is deposited, and in such a 

 manner as to produce a very irregularly branching sclere or dcsina 

 (fig. 13 s), within which the fundamental strongyle can be seen en- 

 closed. In such a desina no axial fibre besides that of the enclosed 

 strongyle is formed. 



Triradi- The chief modification of the triradiate spicule is due to an elonga- 



ate type, tion of one ray, distinguished as apical, the shorter paired rays 

 being termed basal, and the whole spicule a sagittal triradiate. The 

 angle included by the basal rays is usually over 120 (fig. 14 a). 



Quadri- Some or all of the rays of the primitive calthrops (fig. 14 b) may 



radiate 



type. 



FIG. 14. Modifications of the triaxon and tetraxon types, n, sagittal triradiate 

 or tri"d ; fr, calthro]is ; c, candelabra (a polycladose microcaltlirops) ; d, a 

 spiued microealthrops ; c, Tctradadiue Lithistid desina. 



subdivide into a number of terminal spines candelabra (fig. 14 c} ; 



or some or all of them may bifurcate once or twice and finally 



terminate by subdividing into numerous variously shaped processes ; 



such a trtmcludinc desnia (fig. 14 c) characterizes one division of the 



Lithistid sponges. 



Sexradi- By the excess or defect of one or more rays a series of forms such 

 ate type, as are represented in fig. 15 arise. In the oxea, which results from 



FIG. 15. Modifications of the triaxon hexactine type, a, dagger ; 6, c, two 

 varieties of pinnulus ; d, ainphidisk ; c, pentactine ; f, staurus ; g, dermal 

 rhabdus. After Schulze. 



the suppression of all raj's but two, the sexradiate character is some- 

 times preserved by the axial fibre, which gives off two or four pro- 

 cesses in the middle of the spicule where the defective arms would 

 arise. Let fig. 12 c represent a regular sexradiate spicule with its 

 four horizontal arms extended beneath the dermis of its sponge ; 

 the over-development of the proximal ray and a reduction of the 

 distal ray produce a form known as the dagger (fig. 15 a) ; the 

 suppression of the proximal ray and the development of spines pro- 

 jecting forwards on the distal ray produce the piimulns (fig. 15 b, c) ; 

 the suppression of both proximal and distal rays gives the stmini* 

 (fig. IS/), and the suppression of two of the remaining horizontal 

 rays a dermal rhabdus (fig. 15 g). The suppression of a distal ray, 

 excessive development of a proximal ray, and recurved growth of 

 the remaining rays produce an anchor. In Hijalonema (glass rope 

 sponge:) anchors over a foot long occur, but their arms or teeth are 

 not restricted to four, and the axial fibre gives off its processes 

 before reaching the head of the spicule. Such a grapnel helps to 

 support the sponge in the ooze of the sea-bed. Other character- 



"yj 

 FIG. 10. a, uncinaria ; b, clavula ; c, scopularia. After Schulze. 



istic spicules belonging to sponges distinguished by sexradiate 

 spicules are the following ; the uncinaria (fig. 16 a), a spiuose 



oxea with the spines all pointing one way ; the clavula, a tylotate 

 form with a toothed margin to the head (fig. 16 b); the scopularia 

 (fig. 16 c), a besom-shaped spicule with tylotate rays, which vary 

 in number from two to eight ; the amphldisk (fig. 15 d), a shaft 

 terminating at each end in a number of recurved rays. "When the 

 sexradiate spicules of the Hcxactincllida unite together in a manner 

 to be described later, the rays may be bent in a variety of ways 

 out of the triaxial type, so that the sexradiate character alone 

 remains. 



Mitltiradiatc Type. The rays of an aster as of other spicules Multi- 

 may be spined or tylotate. In one remarkable form known as a radiate 

 sterraster (fig. 12 g, h), and characteristic of the family Gcodinidx, type, 

 the rays are almost infinite in number, and coalesced for the greater 

 part of their length ; the distal ends, however, remain separate, 

 and, becoming slightly tylotate, are produced into four or live re- 

 curved spines, which give attachment to connective tissue fibres 

 by which adjacent sterrasters are united together. 



In one aberrant group of Lithistid sponges (Anomocladina) the 

 skeleton is formed of desmas, which are multiradiate, each present- 

 ing a massive centrum (with an included cavity) produced into a 

 variable number (4 to 8) of rays, which rays terminate in expanded 

 ends (fig. 12/). 



It is doubtful whether a distinction between megascleres and Micro- 

 microscleres can be maintained in the calcareous sponges, unless scleres 

 the minute oxeas which occur in Eilhardia, schuhci, Pol. (16), are 

 to be referred to this group. They are widely distributed through- 

 out the silicious sponges, and by their different forms afford charac- 

 ters of the highest importance in classification. 



One of the simplest forms is the sigmaspire (fig. 17 a, b) it looks 

 like the letter C or S, according to the direction in which it is 



FIG. 17 Microscleres. n, !>, sigmaspire viewed in different directions, n, along 



, , , 



axis, and I, obliquely; c, toxaspire ; d, spiraster ; e, saniclaster; /, amplii- 

 aster ; g, sigina or cymba ; h, cynilia, with three pteraat each end, the central 

 one a proral pteron aud the lateral, pleural ptera ; j, one end of another form 

 of cymba, showing seven ptera ; 1;, monopteral cymba, proral ptera only, 

 developed at ends, tropidial ptera much enlarged ; /, oocymba, in which proral 



tylote ; s, microxea (q, r, and s arc reduced asters) ; (, rosette, 

 viewed, its actual form being that of a single turn of a cylindrical 

 spiral. A turn and a part of a turn of a spiral of somewhat higher 

 pitch than that of a sigmaspire gives the toxaspire (fig. 17 c) ; a con- 

 tinued spiral growth through several revolutions gives the poly- 

 spii-c. The sigmaspire becoming spined produces the spiraster or 

 spinispinda (fig. 17 d) ; this, by losing its curvature, becomes the 

 sanidastcr (fig. 17 <), and by simultaneous concentration of its spines 

 into a whorl at each end, the amphiastcr (fig. 17/). By reduction 

 of the spire the spiraster passes into the stellate or aster (fig. 17 n). 

 A thickening about the centre of the aster produces the sphcrastcr 

 (fig. 17m), allied to which is the sterraster. By a reduction in the 

 number of its rays the aster becomes a minute calthrops, from which, 

 by increased growth, the skeletal calthrops may very well be derived ; 

 by further reduction to two rays a little rhabdus or microrabd re- 

 sults, and of this numerous varieties exist, of which the oxeate 

 microrabd is the most interesting, since it only differs in size from 

 the commonest of all skeletal spicules, the oxeate or acerate rhab- 

 dus. The sigmaspire is formed as a superficial spiral thickening 

 in the wall of a spicule cell or scleroblast ; as superficial deposits 

 also the next group of spicnles, the so-called anchorates, arise. 

 Take a hen's egg as the model of a scleroblast, draw round it a 

 broad meridional band, interrupted only on one side, for 30 above 

 and below the equator ; this will represent a truly C-sliMpcd spicule, 

 which differs from a sigmaspire by the absence of spiral twist. 

 It may be termed a cimilifi (fig. 17 .7). The back of the "C" is the 

 keel or tropis; the points are the prows or prorae. Now broaden out 

 the prora on the eggshell into oval lobes (proral plercs) ; and from 

 each pole draw a lobe midway between the prora and the tropis 

 [pleural ji/n-f/i), and a common form of auchorate, the 



