82 THE MAIN CURRENTS OF ZOOLOGY 



It will clear matters to remember that Bernard 

 used the designation experimental medicine as 

 synonymous with physiology, accordingly his Intro- 

 duction a r etude de la Medecine experimental was a 

 treatise on experimental physiology. 



It w^as Bernard (Fig. 18) who also gave a definite 

 position to general physiology which, as before 

 stated, is a division of biological study. His now 

 classic Phenomena Common to Animals and Plants 

 (Lemons sur les phenomenes communs aux Animaux et 

 aux Vegetaux), published in 1878, was the first 

 treatise devoted to consideration of the vital ac- 

 tivities of plants and animals. 



Physiology established on the broad foundations of 

 Bernard and M tiller developed along two independent 

 pathways the physical and the chemical. We find a 

 group of physiologists, among whom Weber, Ludwig, 

 Du Bois, Reymond and Helmholtz were note- 

 worthy leaders, devoted to the investigations of 

 physiological facts through the application of meas- 

 urements and records made by mechanical means. 

 With these men came into use the time-markers, the 

 kymographs, and other ingenious methods that have 

 been adopted by Zoology, Physics and other sciences. 

 The investigation of vital activities by means of 



