8o THE MAIN CURRENTS OF ZOOLOGY 



usual faculty for inspiring enthusiasm in his students 

 and many of them, as Helmholtz and others, have 

 borne testimony of his immense influence in giving 

 them an outlook on life and inspiring them to their 

 highest endeavor. 



M tiller (1801-1857) (Fig. 19) made physiology 

 broadly comparative. He brought into it all the 

 means of advancing the knowledge of animal or- 

 ganization morphology, the microscope, chemis- 

 try, experiment, etc. He included psychology as a 

 new departure in the study of physiology. 



But to the Frenchman Claude Bernard (1813- 

 1878) belongs the chief credit as the innovator of 

 experimental physiology. With the exception of 

 Ludwig, no other physiologist of his period can be 

 compared with him in the experimental field. In his 

 Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine 

 (Introduction a I' etude de la Medecine Experimental 

 1865), he summed up what he had for years been 

 teaching in his university lectures, and this remains 

 the standard contribution on the aims and methods 

 of experimental physiology. 



Bernard's position in the history of physiology has 

 not been fully appreciated by biologists. He was the 

 foremost representative of physiology of his period. 



