ASTAcrs. 149 



tribution. Its extension in Finland, according to Nylander,* is bounded by 

 a line passing from Christinestad, on the Gulf of Bothnia, southeasterly to 

 Serdobol, at the northern end of Lake Ladoga. Eastward from Lake Ladoga 

 it is found in the Uslanka, a tributary of the Sveer. It seems to be the sole 

 occupant of the waters which flow from the south into the Gulf of Finland 

 and the Baltic Sea, excepting the streams and lakes that are connected by 

 means of canals with the basin of the Volga. In these it is partially re- 

 placed by A. leptodadyhis. It still holds its own in Lakes Beresai and Bologoe, 

 and in the small tributaries of the Msta and the Volkhov. Finally, it is 

 found in some of the small streams of the upper part of the basin of the 

 Dnieper as far as Moheelev."t According to Gerstfeldt (op. cit., p. 558), 

 A. furiaiilis sometimes passes out from the mouths of rivers into the sea, 

 having been captured with marine fishes at a considerable distance from the 

 shore on the coast of Livonia. 



To the westward, A. fiiriatilis extends into Austria, Germany, and France, 

 dividing the field with A. torrentinm and A. pallipes. It is difficult to deter- 

 mine its southern limits from the literature, on account of the uncertainty 

 of the identification. If Scopoli's Cancer astacns\ be this form, it is plentiful 

 in Lake Kirknitz in Carniola. Belon (op. cit., p. 353) speaks of crayfishes 

 in the Po, and Olivi (Zoologia Adriatica, p. 48, 1792) gives "Cancer astacits" 

 as one of the animals found in the neighborhood of Venice. Risso (Hist. 

 Nat. Eur. Merid., Tom. V. p. 55, 1826) records A. jluritttilis from the river 

 Taggia, province of Porto Maurizio, and Costa includes it in his catalogue 

 of the Crustacea of the kingdom of Naples (Fauna del Regno di Napoli, 

 1840). Heller, who distinguishes between A. Jhivifililis and A. pallijies, gives 

 as localities for the former, Nice, the Po, and Naples. Perhaps these locali- 

 ties are simply given on the authority of the older authors just enumerated; 

 in which case, I suspect that the Italian crayfishes may turn out to be the 



* Nntzer ur Sallskap. pro Fauna et Flora Fcnnica. Forhandl. Ny Ser., Heft I. p. 24S, 1859. 



t Kessler, op. cit., pp. 259, 200 [359, 360]. Gerstfeldt (op. cit., p. 588) reports A. Jl/tuiatilis I'mm 

 Moscow, but. perhaps it was brought, there artificially for food, as it is more highly esteemed in this regard 

 than its relative, A. leptodacti/Ins. According to the same authority, there are two specimens of A.JIurin/ili.t 

 in the collection of Dorpat University, labelled A. pachypii*, from Nicolaievin Southern Russia (Boug River). 

 It was formerly found in the Government of Koorsk (native or introduced ?). See Koppen, Beitr. Kcnntn. 

 Russ. Reiches, 2** Folge, Bd. VI. pp. 297, 298. It was introduced into Southern Finland in the time of 

 John III. of Sweden (13(58-92). Middendorff, Sibirische Reise, Bd. IV. Th. 2, pp. SS5, 880; Koppen, 

 op. cit., p. 297. 



% Eutomologia Carniolica, 1703. Cf. Gerstfeldt, op. cit., p. 585, who thinks that the large specimens 

 recorded from the river Kerka at Gurk may be A. 1,'p/n,/,,,-/,//,,*. Heller, op. cit., p. 215, also gives these 

 Caruiolian localities for A.JJtiviatilis, but whether from his own knowledge or on the authority of the older 

 authors I cannot say. 



