440 ZOOLOGY 



The Heidei- 5. The remaining fossil men or manlike animals have 

 been referred to the genus Homo, but two extinct 

 species have been recognized in Europe. The oldest of 

 these, dating from the second interglacial period in 

 the Pleistocene, is the Heidelberg man, Homo heidel- 

 bergensis, of Schoetensack. This species is known only 

 by a massive and very peculiar jaw, without any dis- 

 tinct angle marking the chin. It was found in a sand 

 pit at Mauer, near Heidelberg, in Germany, along with 

 bones of the lion, extinct horse, rhinoceros, elephant, 

 etc. As the oldest fossil Homo this specimen acquires 

 the greatest significance, especially as it has very marked 

 primitive characters, unquestionably indicating an ex- 

 tinct type of man. Roughly speaking, the Heidelberg 

 man may be supposed to have lived about 250 thousand 

 years ago. 



The 6. The other extinct Homo, living perhaps 50 to 100 



man nderthal thousand years ago, is the Neanderthal man, Homo 

 neanderthalensis, of King. This rather unfortunately 

 named being was widespread in Europe, and quite 

 numerous remains have been found. The head was 

 relatively large, but low-browed, and the brain was 

 smaller than in modern man. The limbs were very 

 robust and the shoulders broad, while the head and 

 neck were bent forward rather than held erect. The 

 knees appear to have been habitually bent, and the 

 customary position when not in motion was presumably 

 a squatting one. This powerful species of man, highly 

 developed for the time in which he lived, was doubtless 

 incapable of becoming civilized or of competing suc- 

 cessfully with the true Homo sapiens. 



7. Finally, we have abundant evidence in Europe of 

 a race of cave dwellers, which, probably coming from the 

 Orient, supplanted the Neanderthal man and, took pos- 



