SOCIAL LIFE 95 



specialization. The myriad cells of the body have their 

 different functions to pcrfo'im, and successful life de- 

 pends upon cooperation. Death results from the fail- 

 ure of any one set of cells to do its work. 



4. Groups forming societies are found even among Social 

 the lower forms of animal life. Thus among the Ccelen- among the 

 terates, the group of the sea anemones and jellyfishes, lower 

 we have the zoophytes (Greek, "animal plants"), which 



occur in groups so closely associated that we wonder 

 whether they constitute one animal or many. The in- 

 dividuals of the zoophyte "colony" are variously differ- 

 entiated ; some do the feeding, some the fighting (sting- 

 ing), others the reproducing for the group. The repro- 

 ductive members in many species become free, and float 

 about as little jellyfishes, when no one doubts that they 

 are separate animals. Thus socialization in these low 

 forms of life is extreme, but is governed by instinctive 

 reactions. We do not identify it with symbiosis, be- 

 cause the individuals, though very different, are all of 

 the same species. 



5. Much higher in the scale, the ants and bees form Social life 

 complex societies, and here the fact of socialization is f 

 plain to any onlooker. Among the ants, for example, 



are males, females, and workers (sterile females), and 

 sometimes special forms known as "soldiers." The 

 latter have very large heads, but do not possess large 

 brains to correspond. They are tremendous fighters, 

 and sometimes when their jaws have closed on an enemy 

 in bulldog grip they will permit their heads to be pulled 

 off before they will let go. All these different forms of 

 ants cooperate, each type fulfilling its own special tasks 

 and serving the interests of the city, which is the ant 

 hill. They make fewer mistakes than we do, because 

 they are governed by instincts, or in other words react 



