98 ZOOLOGY 



support ; but it does nothing to save man from his ever- 

 lasting dilemma, his perpetually recurring choice of 

 good and evil. With the increasing complexity of his 

 social life, this choice becomes still more important and 

 more difficult, and organized education becomes neces- 

 sary. The experiences of the individual are not suffi- 

 cient to form the basis of his judgments, and were it not 

 possible for him to find a short cut through education to 

 the experiences of the race, modern civilization could 

 not exist. The glaring defects in this civilization are 

 largely due to the imperfections of the educational 

 processes which are implied in the system ; it is as 

 though we had a complicated machine, parts of which 

 were poorly constructed and out-of-date. So long as 

 this condition existed, the very excellence of other parts 

 would only increase the danger of disaster. 



Origin of 9. Owing to the inequalities of inborn endowment, 



leadership ^ - g not possible, even were the educational system per- 

 fect, to bring every individual to the same level of effi- 

 ciency. It is not desirable to organize society on a basis 

 representing the powers and capacities of the least effi- 

 cient, hence leadership is necessary. Certain individ- 

 uals do more of the thinking and planning than others, 

 or do the more difficult work. There is no escape from 

 this arrangement without lowering the social level, but 

 in all ages this racial necessity has been made the excuse 

 for predatory or tyrannical acts. Just as the imper- 

 fectly educated person is like a defect in the ma- 

 chinery, so also the imperfectly socialized but otherwise 

 able individual is a menace to the state because he is 

 trying to do two incompatible things at once. It is 

 this division of activities which is referred to in the 

 Scriptural saying that no man can serve God and 

 mammon. 



