HUMAN BIOLOGY 



opian (Fig. i). Skin dark, hair woolly, nose broad, lips 

 thick, jaws and teeth prominent, forehead retreating, great 

 toe shorter than next toe and separate. (Africa, America.) 



There is a struggle between the races for the possession of different 

 lands. The Caucasian is gaining in Australia, Africa, and America. 

 With difficulty the Mongolians are kept from the western shores of 

 America. The Ethiopian in America shows a lessened rate of increase 

 every decade ; this may be due to the tendency of the race to crowd into 

 cities and the strain of suddenly changing from jungle life in less than 

 two centuries. Civilization is a strain upon any race. It is destroying 

 the American Indian. The Mongolian and Caucasian survive civiliza- 

 tion best, but insanity is increasing rapidly among the latter. 



FIG. 2. INDIAN WEAPONS: LANCE AND ARROW HEADS. 

 From a bank of mussel shells (remains of savage feast) at Keyport, N.J. 



Man's Original Environment. - - Primitive man lived without the use 

 of fire or weapons other than sticks or stones. His first home was in 

 the tropics, where his needs were readily supplied, and probably in 

 Asia. Many nations have a tradition of a home in a garden (Greek, 

 paradisos). His food was chiefly tree fruits and nuts. When because 



of crowding he left nature's 

 garden, he acquired skill in 

 hunting and fishing and the 

 use of fire that flesh might sup- 

 plement the meager fruits of 

 colder climates. His weapons 

 were of rough (chipped) stone 

 at first in the old stone age. 

 In this age the mammoth lived. 



FIG. 3. INDIAN TOMAHAWK. 

 Stone. Keyport, N.J. 



Polished 



He learned to polish implements in the new stone age. The Indians 

 were in that stage when Columbus came to America (Figs. 2, 3). The 

 cultivation of grain and the domestication of animals probably began 

 in this age. The bronze and iron ages followed the stone age. 



