318 MAMMALIA. 



Africa ; Buliidlx ]>H<I<I>-<JH Sundv.. Bimtboek. South Africa : CiitoMi'jxix t/n-i. the 

 Gnu, plains of South Africa : Rnpictipra rii/iirnjira Pall., Chamois. Pyrenees and 

 Alps. 



Snb-favn. Ovinae. Or in m-irx L., domestic sheep, of which numerous races 

 are distributed over the whole earth (German sheep. Haideschnucke, Merino, 

 Zackelschaf, Fat-tailed sheep). There was a domesticated race of slice]) in the 

 stone age. The Mouflon, O. uniximvn Schreb.. and the Argali, O. tnynli Pall., 

 living in Northern and Central Asia have been often regarded as the wild 

 ancestral species. Capra, Goats, and Ibexes. (.'. ifa'.i- L.. Steinbock of the 

 Alps; ('. fet/ttf/rits L.. Bezoar-goat, Caucasus: ('. Inrcm L., Domestic limit, 

 numerous races, distributed everywhere. 



Snb-fam. Bovinse. Ovlliox nioxcliatint Blainv., Musk-ox of North America; 

 Bixon I'tirojm-nx Ovv. (improperly called Anerochs) : 11. luiirriciniim Gm. ; 

 BiilHiluslHfeliix^j.. Indian buffalo : Ji. c/iffcr^L. : Pcephagus grunnien8~L., Yak. 

 Thibet and Mongolia, domesticated: Box //KIH-HX H., Sm.. Gaur. East Indies : 

 B. intlicits L., Zebu; B. jti-iin.if/i'niut. Boj.. diluvial, lived in Cesar's time in 

 Germany (called l 'Ur" in the Nibelungen-Liede). still preserved in a semi-wild 

 condition in Chilli ngham Park. Cuvier regarded them as the ancestral form of 

 the domestic ox. B. tauru-a L.. and there can be no doubt that the Friesland 

 or Holstein ox is to be referred to B. prlini</rniiix. Riitimeyer has recently 

 shown that a second species, which existed in the diluvial period. Ji. lirat'lnjri nis 

 Ow.. is to be regarded as the ancestral species of the domestic ox. 



2. DECIDUATA. 



Order 7. PROBOSCIDEA. 



Multiungulates of very large size, with long proboscis, ir/tich 

 functions as a prehensile organ ; ^th compound grinding teeth, and 

 tusks in the prceniaxillre. 



The thick hide is folded, and is only sparsely covered with hairs. 

 There is a tuft of hairs on the tail. The head is short and deep, is 

 swollen by chambers in the frontal and parietal bones, and possesses 

 a long movable proboscis. The occipital region descends abruptly, 

 and almost perpendicularly. The perpendicularly -placed prsemaxillae 

 with their large rootless tusks, are enormously developed. In the 

 Masto<lonta there are also two incisor teeth in the lower jaw, which 

 soon fall out in the female, but in the male are retained as tusks. 

 There are no canines. According to the age one, two, or sometimes 

 even three grinding teeth are present in each jaw : they are com- 

 posed of a number of parallel dental plates placed behind one another. 

 In the genus Elpplias these plates are connected with cement, and 

 present on the masticatory surface transverse rhombic spaces, bounded 

 by enamel substance. In the Mastudonta the cement is absent, and 



