326 MAMMALIA. 



Fam. Ursidse (Bear-like Carnivora). Plantigrades of unwieldy form, with 

 elongated snout, and broad, usually quite naked soles, and five digits. Ursus 



312 

 L., Bear. Of unwieldy build, with very short tail. Grinders : - -, - 



[ i.r. l>.ni. " ' car/labial, \ l m. ^ 1. The front grinders fall out early. 



U. mar iH m its Desm., Polar Bear. Northern Polar Sea ; U. arcto* L., Brown 

 Bear ; PI-OCI/OH, lot or L., Washing Racoon, is wont to dip its food in water, 

 North America; ^'eisici rufu Dcsm.. the Coatitnondi (Riisselbar), Brazil; 

 f'crnilt'j/fi'x <-<ttiiHri>lcu~lu$ 111., the Kinkajou (Wickelbar), Guiana and Peru. 



Fam. Mustelidse (Marten-like Carnivora). Some are plantigrade (Badger), 

 some semiplantigrade ; body elongated, with short legs, and five-toed feet with 

 non-retractile claws ; only one molar behind the large carnassial. Mclcs taxus 

 Pall., Badger. Mrjihitis nn-xomrlax Licht., Skunk (Stinkthier), North America. 



311 



Cnlo lio-calis Briss., Glutton ; Mustela martex L., Pine-marten, grinders: 5 



M.foina Briss., House-marten : J/. ziljrlina L.. Sable-marten, Siberia ; Put or his 

 /nilnr'uis L. ; P. nilijarix L., Weasel ; P. iTinuim L., Ermine ; P. littirola L. . 

 (Norz) ; Lutra ridi/i/rtx Erxl., Common Otter ; L. cumitlenxis Schreli., North 

 America ; Enlujdris marina Erxl.. Sea otter. West islands of North America. 



Fam. Viverridae (Civets). Body elongated, sometimes cat-like, sometimes 

 marten-like in form ; with pointed snout and long tail, which is s< .metimes rolled 

 up into t'ne form of a ring ; they are either plantigrade, semiplantigrade, or 

 digitigrade. The feet have five digits, and the claws are usually entirely, or 

 half retractile. Half the foot, or only the toes, are placed on the ground. 



Q "1 ) 



Yicrrra :i!/t'tha L. Grinders : - With large glandular sac between the 



i 1 2i ' 



anus and external generatives, in which the oily secretion known as '' Civet," 

 and used as perfume and for external application in medicine, accumulates. 

 V. zlvetta Schreb., the African Civet-cat, domesticated in Egypt and Abyssinia ; 

 V. yenetta L., the Genet. South Europe ; Hcrpestcs ichneumon L., the Mongoose 

 or Ichneumon (Pharaonsratte). Egypt and South Europe. 



Fam. Canidae (Dogs). Digitigrades, with non-retractile claws, five-toed front 



3 1 9 



feet, and four-toed hind feet. Can't* lupus L., Wolf. Grinders:'' '-. In 



412 (1) 



Europe, especially Norway and Sweden, also in Asia ; C. latrans Sm., the 

 Prairie Wolf ; C. ai/rei/s L., the Jackal ; C.fnniHidrix L., Dog (cauda xinlstror- 

 si/iit ri'/'tirvdta L.). The numerous races, which are known, only in the domesti- 

 cated and run-wild state, have certainly been derived from more than one ances- 

 tral species. C. ntlpfs L., Fox ; C. layopus L., Polar Fox, gray in summer, 

 white in winter. 



Fam. Hyaenidae (Hyrena-like Carnivora). Digitigrades with sloping back 

 which bears a mane of elongated hairs. The dentition resembles that of the 

 Cats in the small development of the molars, of which there is only one in the 

 upper jaw. Tlijff'iin xtriata Zinnn., the striped Hyu-na of Africa and parts of 



311 



India. Grinders o 7,- H- f'i'ociita, Zimm., the spotted Hyrena of South Africa. 

 o 1 u 



Fam. Felidae (Cats). Digitigrades of slender build, adapted for jumping ; 

 with short jaws, and only few grinders four in the upper, three in the lower 

 jaw. Molars absent, except one small tooth above projecting transversely 

 inwards. The canines and carnassials are. however, so much the more power- 



