GRASSHOPPER. 77 



overgrowth is called hypertrophy.} Counting from the 

 base, how many rings can you find in the whole abdomen? 

 Are any except the first incomplete? Lift the parts on 

 the dorsal side of the tip of the abdomen and find the vent. 

 On the dorsal side between the vent and the tenth somite 

 is a broad plate (supra-anal plate], and on either side of 

 this is a small outgrowth from the tenth segment (anal 

 cercus). Are these anal cerci movable? Could they be 

 regarded as jointed appendages? To which somite do they 

 belong? 



In the female study the terminal somites in the same way 

 as in the male. Do you find the same dorsal and ventral 

 halves? Are any of them hypertrophied? Do you find 

 vent and anal cerci? Examine the ovipositor.* Are its 

 parts movable? See if they are attached to the eighth and 

 ninth segments. 



Draw side and dorsal views of male and female abdo- 

 mens, making each sketch at least four inches long. Insert 

 all features made out, lettering everything. 



In the thorax recognize three segments, named in order, 

 from in front backwards: prothorax, mesothorax, meta- 

 thorax, the first overlapping the others dorsally something 

 like a cape. How many legs are attached to the pro- 

 thorax? Look in the membrane joining the pro- to the 

 mesothorax for a spiracle. Study a prothoracic leg. It 

 is made up of a series of joints. Joining the leg to the 

 body are two short joints (coxa and trochantcr}, then comes 



* As its name implies, the ovipositor is of use in laying the eggs. 

 By means of it the grasshopper bores a hole in the earth, and then 

 the packets of eggs, passing down through the tube formed by the 

 four members of the ovipositor, are deposited in the ground. Other 

 allied species use the ovipositor for placing the eggs in leaf-buds 

 or in the stems of certain plants. In bees and wasps it becomes 

 modified into the sting. 



