332 



SYSTEMATIC ZOOLOGY. 



In another group of perch-like forms the spines of the 

 fins are more developed. Here belong the perch, sea- 

 bass, and porgies, the sheepshead and fresh-water sunfish, 

 the sculpins, and a long series too numerous to mention. 



FIG. 132. Mackerel (Scomber scombrus"). 



ORDER IV. PHARYNGOGNATHI. 



These are Acanthopteri in which the last branchial 

 arches are fused into a single bone, which thus resembles 

 an additional jaw in the throat, whence the name (pharynx- 



FIG. 133. Gunner (Ctenolabrus cceruleus). After Goode. 



jaw). All of the species are marine, and with few excep- 

 tions they are tropical. On our east coast are found the 

 cunner (fig. 133) and tautog; on the Pacific occurs a 

 group of surf -fishes (Embiotocidse) , remarkable for bring- 

 ing forth living young. 



