DEVELOPMENT OF THE STURGEON. 427 



in the garpikes. The oviducts communicate with the ure- 

 ters as in the sharks and amphibians. The different modifi- 

 cations of Ganoid structure may be observed in the examples 

 of the different orders. 



Many of the Ganoids of the Upper Silurian and Devonian 

 rocks belonged to the groups Cephalaspidm and Placoder- 

 inata. In the Cephalaspids, represented by the singular 

 Cephalaspis Lyellii of Agassiz, the broad head was covered 

 by a single semi-circular plate, with large orbits above, the 

 mouth being below. The pectoral fins Avere rayless folds of 

 the skin ; the body behind the head Avas covered with rhom- 

 boidal scales, and provided with a dorsal fin. The Pteraspis 

 had a head-shield composed of seA-eii pieces. Among the 

 Placoderms, Pterichthys had a plated head half as long as 

 the body, the tail short and scaled. These fishes, the earliest 

 knoAvn Vertebrates, were bottom-feeders. Nothing is kno\vn 

 as to the nature of their jaAvs or teeth. 



Order 1. Chondroganoidei. In these Ganoids the dorsal 

 chord is not ossified ; the skull is cartilaginous, covered Avith 

 membrane-bones ; they are either toothless or Avith small 

 teeth. The skin is naked as in the paddle-fish, or protected 

 as in the sturgeons with very large, bony, solid plates. The 

 sturgeons have the snout long and pointed, Avith the mouth 

 underneath, and toothless. Acipenser sturio Linn, is the 

 common sea-sturgeon of our coast, ascending rivers. The 

 shovel-nosed sturgeon, ScapliirhyncJiops platyrhynchns has a 

 spade-like snout. It inhabits the Avaters of the Mississippi 

 Valley. Salensky has studied the embryology of the Russian 

 sturgeon. The freshly-laid eggs are two millimetres in di- 

 ameter, the yolk undergoes nearly total segmentation, thus 

 connecting most Vertebrates in which the eggs only partially 

 segment, with the Amphioxus, lampreys, and amphibia, in 

 Avhich segmentation is total. The skeleton is developed 

 much as in the Elasmobranchs. The sheath of the noto- 

 chord develops in three weeks after hatching. At the 

 end of the third Aveek the upper and lower A T ertebral arches 

 appear, arising as in other fishes. The skull is indicated in 

 two or three Aveeks after hatching. 



