574 CHORDATA 



extremities. The grasping foot (fig. 621) has the same bones, similarly ar- 

 ranged and of about the same shape as in the foot of man, while the musculature 

 i> essentially the same. On the other hand, the same distinctions between hand 

 and foot (.1 and B) occur as are found in the hand and foot of man. The 

 .separation of Quadrumana and Bimana is without anatomical basis; it rests 

 solely upon functional peculiarities and egotism. 



Sub Order I. PLATYRRHIN/E, New World monkeys. Nostrils separated 

 by a wide septum so that they open laterally; tympanum not extended by an 

 outer bony meatus. CEBHX*:, tail frequently prehensile, long. Cebus, sapajous; 

 A teles, spider monkeys. The HAPALID/E, or marmosets, are aberrant with 

 teeth '-', : ;T and claws on all digits except the relatively small great toe, thumbs 

 not opposable. Hapale, Midas. Sub Order II. CATARRHIN^, Old 

 World apes; internasal septum small, the nostrils directed forwards and down- 

 wards; since the large canines interlock in the opposite ro\v of teeth, there is a 

 more or less evident diastema in each jaw; tympanum prolonged as in man into 

 a bony meatus. Section I. CYNOMORPJLE, with naked places on the 

 buttocks (ischial callosities), usually a long tail and hairy face, and usually only 

 two sacral vertebrae. Cvnocephalus, baboons, mandrils; Macacus, macaques; 

 \I . ,r ntdatus, entering Europe at Gibraltar. Section II. ANTHROPOID.-E 

 (Similize), man-like apes, usually without ischial callosities, face, fingers and 

 toes without hair, no tail, five sacral vertebrae (three in Hylobates) fused to an 

 os sacrum. Hyl abates, gibbons, very long arms; Simla satyrus, Sumatra and 

 Borneo, orang-utan; Gorilla engena; Troglodytes niger, chimpanzee, Africa. 



Sub Order III. ANTHROPIN.E, man. Degeneration of hair on most 

 parts of the body; upright position and as a result slight mobility of great toe 

 (non-opposable) ; development of articulate speech; high intelligence; large 

 cerebrum and consequent increase of the cranium at the expense of the face, are 

 the most prominent characters of mankind. Dentition as in the Catarrhinas, 

 canines smaller, no diastema. It was long a question whether there was a 

 single species of man (Homo sapiens) with several races or whether there were 

 several species. Since crosses between the different races are fertile, the first 

 view receives general acceptance, although the differences are constant and 

 point to the second alternative. The answer to these questions, which in the 

 light of evolution have lost most of their significance, and the characterization 

 of the various races, belong to a special branch of science, anthropology. 



Since an arboreal life was unfavorable for fossilization, the paleontological 

 material for the history of the primates is so far very scanty. Of these the great- 

 est weight has been laid on a 'find' in the pleistocene of Java. This consisted of 

 a top of a skull, a femur, and two molar teeth which were found near each other. 

 These fragments were regarded on one side as a connecting link, Pithecanthropus 

 creclus, between apes and man, on another as belonging to a true ape, and from 

 the third as true man. The latter is now to be regarded as out of the question. 

 Most probably it was an extinct gibbon-like animal of extraordinary size, an 

 enormous cranial capacity (about 800 ccm.) and correspondingly a very large 

 brain. In these respects no Anthropoid now living could compare with Pithecan- 

 thropus. Not less interesting than Pithecanthropus are the numerous 

 remains of man, mostly found in the caves of Europe, dating from the diluvium. 

 Most of these are portions of skulls, which differ so from the living European 

 that the first one discovered at Neanderthal was regarded as pathologic (micro- 

 cephalic). As the number of these increased, they were regarded Ss a distinct 

 species, Horn:) primigenius, but this has difficulties, since many low races, and 

 especially the Australians, show marked resemblances to them. It is certain 

 that diluvial man of Europe was very low. This is shown by the slight arch of the 

 skull, the prominence of the face, and the massive lower jaw which lacked a chin. 



