SUBFAMILIES OP TETTIGONIID.E. 457 



those of the other families of Orthoptera, when hatched from the 

 egg resemble the adults in form but are wholly wingless. As they 

 increase in size they moult or shed the skin five times, the wings 

 each time becoming more apparent, until after the fifth moult, 

 when they appear fully developed, and the insect is mature or full 

 grown, never increasing in size thereafter. Throughout their en- 

 tire lives they are active feeders, mostly herbivorous in habit, and 

 when present in numbers necessarily do much harm to growing 

 vegetation. Most of the species can be easily reared from the 

 young nymphs, their successive moults being of much interest. 

 They may be fed on lettuce and it is said that some of the larger 

 species will eat flies and other soft-bodied insects. The males are 

 very pugnacious, and often try to devour one another, so that they 

 should be kept apart. 



The species of Tettigoniidse occurring in the United States are 

 distributed among eight subfamilies, seven of which are repre- 

 sented in the eastern states. 



KEY TO EASTERN SUBFAMILIES OF TETTICONIID/E. 



a. Tegmina and wings present; 63 general color green, rarely pale brown; 



fore tibiaa always with an auditory organ near the base. 

 6. Prosternal spines absent; vertex ending in a blunt spine or 

 rounded and deflexed, rarely or never with a projecting tuber- 

 cle or cone; tegmina shorter than wings, rarely (Phrixa) sub- 

 equal to them; hind tibiae with an apical spine on each side. 



Subfamily I. PHANEROPTERIN.-E, p. 458. 



66. Prosternal spines present; vertex either* terminating in a sharp 

 flat spine or produced upward and forward into a rounded tu- 

 bercle or prominent cone; hind tibiae with an apical spine on 

 outer side only or on neither. 



c. Tegmina leaf-like, very broad, concave within, longer than the 

 wings; vertex terminating in a sharp, flat spine; disk of pro- 

 notum crossed by two distinct transverse sulci. 



Subfamily II. PSEUDOPHYLLIX.E, p. 494. 



cc. Tegmina narrow, expanded but little, if any, at middle, usually 

 shorter than the wings; vertex terminating in a rounded tu- 

 bercle or prominent cone; disk of pronotum without, or with 

 only one, transverse sulcus. 



(1. Front and middle femora spined beneath; 04 vertex produced 

 forward into a long, usually sharp cone; larger and more 

 robust species, the length of body 24 or more mm. 



Subfamily III. COPIPHORIX.E, p. 502. 



63 Wings ahsent, tegmina very small and general color brown in the aberrant genus 

 Bcloccphahts; both tegmina and wings absent in the female of Odontoxiphidium. 



"Except in some of the species of Neoconocefhalus. Although both Redtenbacher 

 (1891, 13) and Scudder (18970, 54) separate their tribes Conocephalini and Xiphidini by 

 the sole character of the presence or absence of spines on the fore and middle femora, 

 there are several species of Neoconocephahis, the principal genus in the former tribe, which 

 have these femora wholly unarmed beneath. 



