BEARING LARVAE OF TORTRICIDS. 265 



leaving the seed-pods, will spin their tough cocoons on rotten wood or 

 calico, and may also be wintered indoors. But it is quite otherwise 

 with the genera Catoptria, Endopsia, Carpocapsa, and parts of Gra- 

 pholitha, Semasia, Eupoecilia, etc. Most of these feed up with very 

 great rapidity, becoming full-fed almost before the parent moths have 

 ceased to fly say, within a month or six weeks of the time of the egg 

 being laid and remain for nine or ten months in cocoon in the larva 

 state, in most cases leaving their food aud spinning up among debris, 

 or under stones, or other suitable places. Having to arrange for so 

 long a repose, it is natural that they should wish to choose a suitable 

 and comfortable spot, but some seem unnecessarily fastidious. All 

 that I have recorded of the restless, obstinate, and suicidal tendencies 

 of Sciaphila larvae applies equally to these. They must be tied down 

 in flower-pots tightly, and the covering material strained, as already 

 suggested not omitting to grease the edge and when they find that 

 they cannot really escape they may generally be tempted to spin up 

 by the introduction of pieces of rotten wood, cork, hollow sticks, 

 folded paper or rag, or the stems of their food-plants. Sometimes 

 nothing will give satisfaction ; and the larvae, after sulking for weeks, 

 will actually dry up and die without any material alteration in their 

 appearance. I have known dozens of larvae of Catoptria cemulana to 

 die in this way after leaving their food the seeds of the golden-rod. 

 On the approach of winter, the pots containing larvae of any of these 

 groups must the hole in the bottom being first stopped, so as to 

 exclude insect foes, but allow drainage be placed in the open air, 

 exposed to the influences of any weather that may come. It is well 

 to look at them occasionally, lest the covering gets rotten and broken, 

 or the pot is rolled over by some active cat; but, making allowance 

 for accidents, larvae kept in this manner out of doors until the end of 

 April, or even into May, will generally produce a fair proportion of 

 moths. 



"The internal, stem, and root-feeding species require very various 

 treatment. The succulent stems in which the Halonotm principally 

 feed require to be kept alive in moist earth until the larvae are full- 

 fed; and care must afterwards be taken that the stems do not ferment 

 from lying too close together, or dry up before the moths emerge. 

 The species, such as Grapholitha pupillana and the Dicroramphae, 

 which feed in the stems of harder plants, also thrive better if the 

 roots are kept in moist earth; and this precaution must, of course, be 

 taken with the root-feeding Euchromiae, Orthotaeniae, and Xantho- 

 setiae. Most of these species are best collected in the spring, as the 

 larvae are slow feeders, and not easily discoverable until tolerably well 

 grown. Most of them turn to pupa in the stems, though O. pupiUniin 



