160 



ENTOMOLOGY. 



FIG. 



201. Hes 

 peria. 



Family Hesperidae. Head very wide between the eyes; antennae 

 ending in a hook; hind tibiae usually with two pairs of spurs. Larva 

 naked, with a large head, rarely boring in plants, 

 usually living in a rolled-up leaf; pupa secured by 

 many threads, or enclosed in a slight, imperfect 

 cocoon. The Hesperids connect the true butterflies 

 with the moths, Megathymus yucae Boisd. and 

 LeCoute boring in the roots of Yucca, and bearing 

 a superficial resemblance to the Castuiidae, being 

 more uioth-like than any other butterfly, while the 

 species of Synemon, with their bright colors and 

 club-shaped antennae, simulate the Hesperids. Examples of the 

 family are Ilesperia tessellata Scudd., Nisonutdes brizo Bois. and Lee., 

 Eudamm buthyllus (Abbot and Smith), and Thymele proteus (Linn.). 



Family Papilionidae. Wing-cells (at least, of the hind wings) 

 closed; hind tibiae with one pair of spurs; a leaf-like appendage to 

 the fore tibiae, as in moths and Hesperids. Larva with a retractile 

 scent-organ on the segment next to the head. Pupa fastened in an 

 upright position by the tail and a girdle across the middle. Pieris 

 rupee Linn., the imported cabbage butterfly, and P. oleracea Harris, 

 as well as Golias philodice Godart, represent the sub family Pierince, 

 while Paruassius and Pupilio turnus Linn, represent the sub-family 

 Papilionince. 



Family Rurales. Six perfect legs in the females, four in the 

 males. This group is subdivided into two sub-families, the first of 

 which is the Lycccniruv , in which the fore tarsi lack the tarsal claws, 

 but are densely spined beneath. Wing-cells (except in Eumaeus) 

 not closed by perfect veins. Larva oval and flattened, head small, 

 and the feet very small. Pupa short, obtuse at each end, smooth, 

 fastened by the tail and a girdle. Lyama pseudargiolus Boisduval 

 and LeConte; Chrysophanus thoe Bois. and Lee. In the sub-family 



FIG. 202. Melitcea phaeton (under surface on right side); a, pupa, enlarged. 

 Eryciniwv, the legs are as in Lycaeninae, the fore tarsi consisting of 

 only one or two joints, and being spineless. Larva either not spined, 

 or with bristles and hairs; pupa either with a girdle (Erycina), or 

 fastened rigidly by the tail without a girdle (Stalachtis), or, as in 

 Libythaea, suspended freely by the tail. 



Family Nymphalidae. Fore legs imperfect in both sexes; in the 

 female wanting the tarsal claws; in the male the fore tarsi are 

 aborted, consisting of one or two joints. Discal cell usually open. 



