Haliotis.} GASTROPODA. 93 



muscular impression frequently rugose ; typically perforated near the 

 periphery, the holes being numerous and in series. 



There are about eighty species known, inhabiting tropical and 

 temperate seas : west coast of Europe, Mediterranean, east coast of 

 Africa, Cape of Good Hope, Indian and Pacific Oceans, China, Japan, 

 California, Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. 



Tertiary to Kecent. 



Vernacular Name. Ormer, or sea-ear. 



Anatomy. H. J. Fleure, " Zur Anatomie und Phylogenie von 

 Haliotis," Jena. Zeitschr., xxxix, 1904, 245-322, pi. 9-14. 



KEY TO SPECIES. 



a. Peristome continuous . . ms - 



aa. Peristome not continuous. 



b. Right margin straightened. 



c. Surface strongly corrugated by radiating folds .. australis. 



cc. Surface pustulated and waved . . . . vana. 



bb. Both margins convex . . . . . . virginea. 



1. Haliotis australis, Gmelin, 1790. Plate 8, fig. 1. 



Haliotis australis, Gmelin. Syst. Nat., ed. xiii, 3689. H. ritgoso-plicata, Chem- 

 nitz, Conch. Cab., x, 311, pi. 16(5. f. 1604 (not binomial); Reeve, Conch. 

 Icon., f. 7 ; Sowerby, Thes. Conch., v, 21, f. 9, 10, 53 ; Man. Conch. (1), 

 xii, 110, pi. 20, f. 12, 13. h. australis, Gmel. : Hedley, Colon. Museum 

 Bull. No. 1, 1906, 49 ; Suter, T.N.Z.I., xxxviii, 323. H. plicata, Karsten, 

 Mus. Leskeanum. 1789. H. cruenta, Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 56 : Man. 

 Conch. (1), xii, 99, pi. 4, f. 17, 18 ; pi. 49. f. 24-26. H. costata, Swainson, 

 Appendix Bligh Cat., 3. H. rnber, Leach, Zool. Misc., i, 54, pi. 23, 

 teste Dillwyn. 



Shell oval, quite convex, distance of apex from margin one-eighth 

 to one-ninth the length of the shell. Sculpture : The surface has 

 almost obsolete spiral cords, and regular, close, radiating folds ; be- 

 tween the row of holes and the columellar margin there are no radiating 

 folds, but several (generally 3) strong spiral ribs. Colour light yellow- 

 ish-brown, red on the spire, or light green flamed with red. Spire 

 a little elevated. Whorls 3. The right margin a little straighter 

 than the left ; back convex, not carinated at the row of holes. Inside 

 corrugated like the exterior, silvery, with blue, green, and red reflec- 

 tions, the latter predominating. Columellar plate narrow. Perforations 

 circular, their edges elevated, 6 to 8 in number. 



Length, 94mm.; breadth, 71mm.; convexity, 30mm. Length, 

 82 mm. ; breadth, 56 mm. ; convexity, 22 mm. 

 Type (?). 



Hab. Throughout New Zealand ; Chatham, Snares, and Auckland 

 Islands. 



Remarks. The corrugated exterior is quite constant and cha- 

 racteristic. Young specimens are more ribbed spirally, and often 

 have radiating stripes of red on a delicate green ground. 

 Maori. Karariwha (fide Captain Bollons). 

 Fossil in the Pliocene. 



