100 MKDl'S.E OF THIO WORLD. 



Protiara^beroe. 



Carminrothe beroe, SLABBER, 1775, Physikalische Belustingungen, Niirnberg, p. 64, taf. 14, fig. I. 



Oceania tetranema, PERON F.T LESUEUR, 1809, Ann. du Mus. Hist. Nat., tome 14, p. 347. Paris. 



Protiara tetranema, HAECKEL, 1879, Syst. der Medusen, p. 47. 



(?) Protiara, LINKO, 1902, Zool. Anzeiger, Bd. 25, p. 162, 2 figs. 



( >)Proliara borea/is = Phtocnide borealis, Colorless variety, WAGNER, 1885, Wirbellosen des Weissen Meeres, Bd. I, p. 74, taf. 4, 



fign. I, 2. 

 ( ?) (Svndictian ?) incerturn, LINKO, 1900, Travaui Soc.Imp.Nat.de St. Petersbourg, tome 29, p. 151, fig. l (this is possibly 



Sarsia flannnea ?). 

 ( fyPlotocnidc incena, HARTLAUB, Nordisches Plankton, Nr. 12, p. 70, fig. 66. 



Bell 6 to 15 mm. high, 4 to 12 mm. wide. Egg-shaped, with very thick walls, which in 

 the upper part of the bell are one-third to one-fourth as thick as the hell-height. There are a 

 few scattered nettle-cells over the exumbrella, these being more numerous in young than in 

 old specimens. 4 tentacles, each 4 to 5 times as long as the bell-height, with thick basal 

 bulbs about one-sixth as wide as the greatest width of the bell. No ocelli. The shafts of the 

 tentacles bear garland-like pads of nettle-cells. There are 4 straight, narrow radial-canals 

 with smooth edges. The manubrium is short and even in mature medusae does not project 

 beyond the velar opening. In young medusas it is conical, in mature individuals very wide, 

 but it narrows greatly at the neck immediately above the mouth. The neck is tubular, and 

 the mouth is encircled with nematocysts. There are 4 longitudinal, interradial, ectodermal 

 gonads, which project widely outward in the upper portion of the manubrium, but do not 

 extend to the mouth. The outer surfaces of the gonads are smooth. 



Linko, 1902, sectioned the manubrium and found that the entoderm forms 4 interradial 

 partial septa which project inward in 4 longitudinal folds toward the axial center of the 

 stomach, but their inner edges do not fuse. The cells of these septa are digestive and they 

 serve apparently to increase the area of the stomach-wall. The bell is colorless. Manu- 

 brium and tentacle-bulbs orange to yellow, radial-canals white. 



Common in Barents Sea, North of Russia, between 68 54' and 70 5' N. lat.; and 

 33 3' to 57 38' l n g- E- from Greenwich. Rare in harbors and fjords. 



(Syndiction?) incerturn, Linko, 1900, may possibly be identical with P. beroe. It has 

 a bell 3 mm. high and somewhat more than 3 mm. wide. The walls are thick and there is a 

 rounded, dome-like apex sharply set off from the bell itself. The exumbrella is besprinkled 

 with quite regularly and widely spaced nematocysts. There are 4 thick, tapering tentacles 

 about one-third to one-half as long as the bell-height. These have large, spherical, non- 

 ocellated, basal bulbs. Velum well-developed. 4 straight, slender radial-canals. Stomach 

 mounted upon a short, conical peduncle. The mouth does not reach the level of the velar 

 opening. Mouth-opening round, without prominent lips. The gonad is figured as being much 

 swollen above, tapering below, and encircling the stomach. It is not wholly clear from Linko's 

 description whether there are 4 interradial gonads or only one encircling gonad, for he states 

 that the medusa resembles P. borealis = (Syndictton boreale Birula) in some of its characters. 

 Only about 10 very large eggs are produced by the female. 



The manubrium is yellow to orange, tentacle-bulbs red, and tentacles yellow. Other 

 parts are colorless. Found in the White Sea, Northern Russia. It is probable that this form 

 is a Sarsia, and is possibly S. flammea. See Hartlaub, 1903, 1907. There is, however, no 

 peduncle in .V. flammea. 



Protiara borealis. 



Phtocnide borealis, WAGNER, 1885, Wirbellosen des Weissen Meeres, Bd. I, p. 74, taf. 4, fign. I, 2. 



Synilictyon boreale, BIRULA, 1896, Annuaire Musee Zool. Acad. Imp. Soc. St. Petersbourg, tome I, p. 336 (Russian). 



( ?) Protiara h<fckelii, HARGITT, 1902, Biological Bulletin, vol. 4, p. 16, fig. 4; 1904, Bull. I'. S. Bureau of Fisheries, vol. 24, 



p. 34, I fig. 

 Phtocnide borealis, HARTLAUB, 1907, Nordisches Plankton, Nr. 12, p. 69, fig. 65. 



Bell is about 3 mm. high and 1.5 mm. wide, with simple rounded apex and thick walls. 

 4 radially situated tentacles, each about as long as the bell-height. These tentacles are 

 besprinkled with nematocysts and have well-developed, conical, basal bulbs, without ocelli. 

 Wagner's specimens were apparently much younger than Hargitt's and each tentacle termi- 

 nated in a large knob-like cluster of nematocysts. In Hargitt's specimen the tentacles taper 

 gradually to their tips. The velum is well-developed. There are 4 straight, narrow radial- 



