SURROUNDINGS OF GROWING INSECTS 205 



caterpillars, such as those of the beautiful little " Green Pug " 

 moth (Chloroclystis rectangulata). During the early summer 

 the pale pink, brown-headed " Codling ' caterpillars of 

 Carpocapsa pomonella are eating the tissues of the growing 

 fruits around the cores, having emerged from eggs laid on the 

 twigs by the mother-moth in springtime, and then eaten their 

 way in through the " eye " of the apple (Plate II A). When 

 fully grown the larva tunnels out through the side of the fruit 

 and crawls along the twigs and branches and down the trunk in 

 search of a piece of loose bark or other convenient shelter under 

 which it may spin its cocoon. This done, the caterpillars 

 may pass the autumn and winter in a resting condition, not 

 undergoing pupation till the succeeding spring, or they may 

 in southerly districts pupate quickly giving rise to a late 

 brood of moths, which proceed to lay eggs on the now well- 

 grown apples, which afford an abundant food-supply for the 

 second (autumn) brood of caterpillars. The interior of the 

 tree may not escape the ravages of other larvae, for the large 

 reddish-brown caterpillars of the Goat-moth (Cossus) tunnel in 

 the trunk, taking two or three years to reach their full size 

 on the poorly nutritious diet furnished by the wood, while the 

 little larvae of the pith-moths (Blastodacna) may be found in 

 small shoots, just beneath the bark in winter, but feeding 

 actively in the central tissue during the spring period of rapid 

 growth. Then several tiny green caterpillars, such as that of 

 the narrow-winged, brown Lyonetia clerckella, make tunnels 

 or mines between the two skins of a leaf, eating out the soft 

 green tissue as they pursue their winding excavations. 



All the above-mentioned apple-feeding insects are cater- 

 pillars of moths (Lepidoptera) ; they are accompanied by many 

 larvae of insects of other orders, which also find abundant food 

 and shelter in various parts of the tree. Thus the legless 

 grubs of a beetle the Apple-blossom Weevil (Anthonomus 

 pomorum) devour the hearts of the flowers, and the cater- 

 pillars of the Apple Saw-fly (Hoplocampa testudined) compete 

 with those of the Codling moth for the food-supply afforded by 

 the fruit. Underground the large, stout grubs of the cock- 

 chafer (Melolontha, see p. 210) feed on the smaller roots 

 together with the legless larvae of weevils of the genera Phyllo- 

 bius and Otiorrhynchus, and it is of interest to remember that 



