THE HIDDEN TYPE OF WING-GROWTH 137 



feelers, legs and other appendages, stand out from the body 

 much as they do in the perfect insect. Such pupae are denned 

 as free. But among butterflies (Fig. 33) and the great majority 

 of moths, the wings and other appendages have their cuticle 

 coherent with that of the body generally, so that these do not 

 stand out distinctly but appear to be fixed to the thorax and 

 abdomen. Such a pupa is said to be obtect. 



In the transformations of any insect, the pupa with its visible 

 wings resembles the perfect insect more closely than it 



sc 



FIG. 70. AUSTRALIAN WEEVIL (Syagrius intrudens). 

 a, lateral view of pupa. x 12. (Ir, frons ; r, rostrum; sc, scape 

 of feeler ; p, prothorax ; m, mesothorax ; ap, anal process : this shown 

 below, x 30) ; 6, Lateral view of imago, x 7. After Mangan, Journ. 

 Econ. Biol. III. 



resembles the larva. If the free pupae of a series of beetles 

 be observed and each compared with its respective imago, it 

 will be found to display some distinctive feature of its family 

 or genus. Thus we find that after the final moult of a wire- 

 worm (see p. 108), when the pupa 1 is revealed (Fig. 60 h) its 



1 G. H. Ford : " Observations on the Larval and Pupal Stages of Agriotes 

 obscurus ". Ann. Appl. Biol., Vol. III. 1917. 



